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  <channel>
    <title>=^@|@^= sAGRADO  jAGUAR fOUNDACION's topics - tribe.net</title>
    <link>http://sagradojaguar.tribe.net/threads/rss</link>
    <description>Tribe.net. Local Connections</description>
    <item>
      <title>Big Cat Medicine</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/7db4de30-67c4-44e2-85c7-6c19a73361e2</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;Today was an amazing day. I recently relocated to a beautiful ranch 10 miles west of Sebastopol, we call it Madame Bijou's Ranch. Our landlord has over 200 hundred acres here, we are sooo blessed! The property is nothing short of epic. It's a few miles from the ocean, hilly and set deep in the redwood forests. There are cows, sheep, a llama, horses, wild turkeys, falcons, coyotes and turkey buzzards abundant..as well as a few mountain lions and bobcats, so i found. Oh yes, and then there's Madame Bijou, a large, beautiful 2 year old black and white Great Dane, who's home i am guest.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Since i moved here i have been taking hikes on this wonderous land almost daily. I've also been planting gardens, creating composts and really really grooving on the simple life. Today before my hike i got on tribe, fooled around..i clicked on Bobcat and Daisy's profile, looking for a new friend Prshanti and i ended up clicking on and joining a tribe dedicated to the jaguar and other large cats. I was calling in cat medicine, unconsciously. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;I'm a mission oriented type of person, whether i hike, breathe, pray or play,  i do it with intention. Today my intention was simply to find a rock. So Madame Bijou and i set out to find this rock. We hike over hills, into the forest, across streams and up into pastures where there are herds of cow graising. I've been working on communication and training of Bijou when on the pastures because she gets a real thrill chasing cows and the llama..which is amazing to watch, but upsetting to the animals. So after she got bored with being disiplined she went on a chase! Many yells and laughs later she comes back winded and proud. So i decide that we're going to walk the fence line back down to the gate, rather than cutting across the pasture, where she might hassle more cattle. As we're hiking down with fence to our right, we come upon a steep downward slope..old redwood remains scattered about, the bark jutting up out of the ground like stalagtites. It looked feral and ancient. To the left was a patch of redwoods creating a little forest grotto on the pasture hill.  Bijou bounds down the steep hill ahead of me, excited and happy. As i'm making my way down the slope, i pass next to the forest grotto and suddenly i hear the loud roar of a large cat. It crept me out deep and primal, and i immediately drew my kukhri. Looking into the woods, i couldn't see it ..but i knew it could see me and it was upset that i was so close. I had to back away, stepping backwards down a steep hill, knife in hand and admittedley scared. Fortunately, Bijou was down the hill, down wind and had no idea what i had just dealt with. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;On the way back home, crossing a stream, i found the rock i was looking for. Later i found out that the landlord has been hunting and trying to find the bobcats that have been hassling them. I'll never tell.&lt;/div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 04 Apr 2008 23:06:51 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/7db4de30-67c4-44e2-85c7-6c19a73361e2</guid>
      <dc:creator>ton-ton</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2008-04-04T23:06:51Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>*** victoria ****</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/bb4a43d5-51e8-4de0-b819-17de6f991e52</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;please, please pray send reiki, good intentions, what ever light ya got to my sister victoria curley wallach garrett and her husband noah.  on sat'day 22 march.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;she was diagnosed with luekemia (aml) a year and a half ago, and recently has had new luekemia cells in her marrow, her gall bladder removed, and recently hospitalized for problems breathing.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;22 mar is a native american church ceremony in the bay area as a prayer for her life, her healing, her recovery, sadly she will not be able to attend her own ceremony due to the recent hospitalization.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;in gratitude,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 09:01:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/bb4a43d5-51e8-4de0-b819-17de6f991e52</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2008-03-21T09:01:16Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>pray for the tigers</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/d837346a-c1a2-4517-911f-01931b8e9cb3</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;meow,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;i'm currently in india, and altho tigers are an internationally recognized endangered species, (bengals less than 1500 left in the wild) india still does not protect tigers from being hunted by "poachers" in "protected tiger sanctuaries, like tiger oasis. i purrsonally have been approached 5 times by necklace hawkers on the beaches here in goa to buy tigers teeth - when i told the seller it's illegal to kill tigers he said it was o.k. cuz the tiger came from the "parka" or protected sanctuary in english. also been offered tigers claws by the same sellers that still have the cat's fur on them.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;please write letters/emails to your local indian consulates in the u.x.a and i'll find email addresses to write here in india.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"what would india be, historically &amp;amp; in the future without her majestic tigers?" 
&lt;br/&gt;"what would our world be with all wild tigers predicted by scientists to be extinct by 2011???" 
&lt;br/&gt;"what will you life be like knowing your children/grandchildren will know that tigers only exist in zoo's?"
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;viva tigre!&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
			posted in
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			- 1 reply
		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 21 Mar 2008 08:44:48 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/d837346a-c1a2-4517-911f-01931b8e9cb3</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2008-03-21T08:44:48Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>what is a zoo's reason for existing????</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/3bacb37c-a1e1-407e-ad5e-c61a0560784e</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt; 
&lt;br/&gt;isn't a zoon supposed to protect endangered species from being killed by idiots with guns???
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;the old  blame the predator for being a predator in the case of a human being killed by a ferious "wild" animal.seems to be o.k. for zoo's too!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;a big f(*(*&amp;amp;k off to the denver zoo!!!!!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Denver Zookeeper Dies From Jaguar Attack
&lt;br/&gt;By CHASE SQUIRES (Associated Press Writer)
&lt;br/&gt;From Associated Press
&lt;br/&gt;February 25, 2007 7:19 AM EST
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;DENVER - Police and zoo officials were investigating what led a 140-pound jaguar to maul a zookeeper to death in the doorway of its exhibit.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The cat was fatally shot when it approached emergency workers trying to save the woman, zoo officials said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The zoo closed after Saturday's shooting. It planned to reopen Sunday, but the feline building was to remain closed, officials said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"We are deeply saddened by this loss," zoo President and CEO Clayton Freiheit said in a statement. "This keeper was a part of our family and we too are grieving the loss of one of our own."
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Zoo officials did not know how the attack occurred or what prompted it, spokeswoman Amy Sarno said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Their investigation may center on how the jaguar encountered the zookeeper. Under zoo policy, staff cannot be in any large cat exhibit when the animal is there.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The zookeeper had undergone regular safety training for the exhibit, shadowed veteran keepers and attended mandatory safety meetings, officials said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The jaguar, a 6-year-old male named Jorge, was shot by a zoo employee and the public was never at risk, according to the zoo. The cat had been at the Denver Zoo for nearly two years.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The zoo added a 16-month-old female jaguar named Caipora in December, according to its Web site. The female was to be paired with Jorge when she was old enough.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;---
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;On the Net:
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Denver Zoo: http://www.denverzoo.org
&lt;br/&gt;Copyright 2007 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
&lt;br/&gt;	  	&lt;/div&gt;
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			- 6 replies
		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Mon, 26 Feb 2007 01:15:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/3bacb37c-a1e1-407e-ad5e-c61a0560784e</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2007-02-26T01:15:36Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>more help needed for the florida panthers</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/5da44bd0-5fc5-4e81-a243-560ef85a0cee</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;meow,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;please help out our friends the panthers of the florida swamps, by signing the online petition.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;http://www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/721420633?z00m=9438672&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Thu, 14 Jun 2007 16:46:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/5da44bd0-5fc5-4e81-a243-560ef85a0cee</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2007-06-14T16:46:20Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Cats Love To play!</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/466a0fde-dbbf-4355-97d0-b16482255b93</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;That's why those of us in the cat community are saving up our catnip and rolling up our yarn.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Meow, meow
&lt;br/&gt;not Dog, nor cow
&lt;br/&gt;in the dark i prowl
&lt;br/&gt;the arch  rival of the owl........
&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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			- 3 replies
		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 16 Mar 2007 18:04:01 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/466a0fde-dbbf-4355-97d0-b16482255b93</guid>
      <dc:creator>Roy</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2007-03-16T18:04:01Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>new big cat (not really!)</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/82012d25-2b35-4f66-9fd6-5a95b2425b84</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;thanks to all my friends who were so excited to tell me about the discovery of a new big cat!!!!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;altho it's more a technicality, the clouded leopard on mainland indonesia, and the island of borneo have been with us for many many years.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;the clouded leopard, viewable in purrson here in the uxa, if you have access to the san diego zoo. lives in indonesia.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;recently "scientists" have used dna studies to determine that the clouded leopard that lives on the island of borneo, is a seperate species of the clouded leopard. i.e. there are 8 species of tigers, but they are all tigers!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;the more interesting info for me is that the dna finding said that lions, tigers, jaguars, leopards asain snow leopards, and clouded leopards all share a common ancestor and are thought to be  between 6 &amp;amp; 10 million years old. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;hhhhmmmmmmmmmmmmmm.... 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;how advanced was this little species call homo sapien then? oh, didn't exist yet. hehehehe
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;*** (Based on morphological evidence, British zoologist Reginald Pocock concluded that the jaguar was most closely related to the leopard.[16] However, DNA evidence is inconclusive and the position of the Jaguar relative to the other species varies between studies.[12][14][15][16] Fossils of extinct Panthera species, such as the European jaguar (Panthera gombaszoegensis) and the American lion (Panthera atrox), show characteristics of both the lion and the jaguar.[16] Analysis of jaguar mitochondrial DNA has dated the species lineage to between 280,000 and 510,000 years ago, later than suggested by fossil records.[18] - boosted from wikipedia)&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Tue, 20 Mar 2007 19:29:43 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2007-03-20T19:29:43Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>j4GG13Z webpage rant</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/68d980e5-5256-4e1f-b4bc-5ddb136858fa</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;since the site is down, and it's been ages since i've posted anyting here..................
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;ggggggggggggggggRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;can't find the file right here &amp;amp; now
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;so coming soon!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;oh yeah,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;PLEEZ DON'T POST THINGS UNLESS IT'S A CONSCIOUS EVENT, NO ADS, NO RECOMENDATIONS, JUST KEEP IT ALL CAT, ALL DAY, ALL NITE, ALL CAT!&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Thu, 18 Jan 2007 03:35:26 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/68d980e5-5256-4e1f-b4bc-5ddb136858fa</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2007-01-18T03:35:26Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>adopt an endangered animal</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/e010760c-412a-4b7e-9799-5bf9fd4bff87</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;i am so over everyone getting my little people stuff to just continue the mad consumerism. i've heard you can "adopt" an endangered animal. he's only 6, but i think it might be cooler to help a tiger than have a playstation - or am i being lame?&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Mon, 06 Nov 2006 21:23:31 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>marjorievolin</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2006-11-06T21:23:31Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>r e S p e c t!</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/970d1856-a7c8-4d49-8ed9-1285ce46e6c3</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;if your tempted to post anything, for even the most noblest of causes,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;there are other places to post them,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;this tribe is EXCLUSIVELY for ideas and information furthering protection and preservation of all the big cat (and little big cat) species!!!!!!!111
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;NOTHING ELSE, don't post book reviews, party flyers, aids marathons, etc.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;only cats, got it???
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;RESPECT!&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Sat, 22 Jul 2006 05:55:34 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>sacred-ashes</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2006-07-22T05:55:34Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>the truth about california mountain lions</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/1e5d3d3a-5db3-4d15-be4e-abb3b7bfcd3a</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;http://www.topangaonline.com/nature/lionatk.html  (there are endless statistics all saying about the same thing:
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt; For example, in California, there were two fatal attacks in 1890 and 1909, and then no further attacks for 77 years, until 1986. From 1986 through 1995, ten verified attacks occurred, an average rate of one per year. That average rate has continued through 1999. Attacks are now numerous enough that there is a support group for attack victims, called California Lion Awareness (CLAW; Outside, 10/95). Since 1970 there has been an average of 14 cougar attacks per year on people in the entire U.S.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Mountain lion sightings have increased dramatically as well, from 59 in 1991 to over 300 in 1994 in California. However, because mountain lions are camouflage experts, and eyewitness sightings are notoriously inaccurate, perhaps 80% of all lion sightings are actually deer, bobcats, dogs, and even domestic cats. Part of any increase is also surely due to the heightened awareness of lions with the increase in attacks.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The reasons for the increase are unknown. Some think the increase in California was a consequence of the end of recreational hunting of mountain lions in 1972, and then the passage of Proposition 117 in 1990, which declared the cougar a "specially protected mammal". However, it is even hard to tie the timing of the increase in attacks in California to those events, and a similar increase in attacks has occurred in other states where recreational hunting is still allowed.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;It is important to keep in mind that lion attacks are still extremely rare in California and nationally. For some reason, humans worry much more about rare dangers than about common dangers. For example, in California, from 1986 through 1998, exactly two people died from mountain lion attacks, whereas in one year alone, over 4,000 people died in traffic accidents, including 800 pedestrians. So we should be much more worried about meeting a dangerous car rather than a dangerous lion, but we aren't, because we are much more familiar with being in a car than we are with being around an uncaged mountain lion. Rationally, if one avoids hiking because of fear of mountain lions, one should also avoid driving in a car, or crossing a street as a pedestrian.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Another example: an average of several people per year die from recreational activities in the San Gabriel Mountains, yet no one has ever died from a cougar attack in the San Gabriel Mountains. You are probably much more likely to die from a misstep off a trail than from a mountain lion attack. So pay attention to where you are putting your feet rather than worrying about if there is a mountain lion about to pounce on you! &lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Wed, 25 May 2005 07:27:08 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-05-25T07:27:08Z</dc:date>
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      <title>freedom fighters, anti petroleros, rainforest activists</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/ead7713e-7c28-47ad-9755-0e1d0846d0e4</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;heck this site, and please support them any way you can, this is soooooooooooooo important to our world here in ecuador!!! 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;www.sarayacu.com 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;site is english - spanish. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;oil companies have blockaded all roads that lead to this community, so it?s very hard to get to them, but this is one of two of the most important ecological issues in the rainforest!!! 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;1. oil companies 
&lt;br/&gt;2. loggers-slash &amp;amp; burn agriculture. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;meow! (catspeak for viva!) &lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Mon, 12 Sep 2005 20:46:43 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-09-12T20:46:43Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>solar jaguar locator</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/6efd2fbe-aae3-4643-8992-99211d09ee3d</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;i´ve made it to quito!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;it´s a trip not understanding what people are saying to me!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;hehehe
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;off to the jungle, &amp;amp; casa de jaguar (2 &amp;amp; 4 legged ones) in a day or two
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;meow!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;j3&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Sun, 04 Sep 2005 23:00:41 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/6efd2fbe-aae3-4643-8992-99211d09ee3d</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-09-04T23:00:41Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>Murder in Kansas</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/3b859f80-8a24-4028-93c3-6b6c8fc20c76</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;MOUND VALLEY, Kan. Aug 18, 2005 — A Siberian tiger attacked and killed a teenage girl who was posing for photos at a family-run animal sanctuary Thursday in southeast Kansas, authorities said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The Labette County Sheriff's office identified the victim as Haley R. Hilderbrand, 17, of Altamont. A statement from the office said Hilderbrand was at the Lost Creek Animal Sanctuary posing for photos with the 7-year-old tiger, which was being restrained by its handler, when the animal turned and attacked her.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Officers and handlers killed the animal. Emergency personnel were not able to revive Hilderbrand.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Doug Billingsly and his family opened the 80-acre sanctuary in 1994. According to the sanctuary's Web site, its animals include lions, leopards, tigers and bears. The site says the sanctuary has an affiliated Animal Entertainment Productions, which trains animals for stage performances, movies, television shows and magic shows.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Billingsly didn't immediately return a phone call for comment.
&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Sat, 20 Aug 2005 02:47:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/3b859f80-8a24-4028-93c3-6b6c8fc20c76</guid>
      <dc:creator>superamanda</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-08-20T02:47:02Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>hope yet, keep it up, write letters, pray, believe</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/8f5ede84-0cbf-417d-af18-995673994530</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;i tried to initiate a lawsuit against fish &amp;amp; game for the lives of the florida panthers, and no one came thru for me with the legal help i needed, so i just did what i do, but i was worried that it was too little too late. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;now it looks like maybe things will change for OUR florida panthers!!! check this: 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"Congratulations! Your financial contribution, support and activism over the past year have paid off.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Approximately 14 months ago, PEER and Andrew Eller, an 18-year USFWS biologist, filed a joint complaint accusing the agency of knowingly using flawed science in assessing the habitat and population of the endangered Florida panther. http://www.peer.org/news/news_id.php?row_id=361
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;As a result of your involvement (i.e. pressure on the agency), Andrew Eller and the Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service have reached an agreement—one day before the trial was to begin.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Nearly 4,000 petition signatures were generated, numerous letters to Members of Congress were written, thousands of dollars to the legal defense fund were donated and support of the work PEER does to protect those who protect the environment proved to tip the scale.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar, take a bow, you’ve earned it…and we thank you! A victory for Andrew Eller is a huge win for not only the Florida Panther but also the many other scientists, resource professionals and law enforcement officers who strive for environmental ethics and government accountability.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;meow!"
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;taken from peer  (public employees for environmental responsibility) - http://www.peer.org/news/news_id.php?row_id=361&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Jul 2005 22:36:54 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/8f5ede84-0cbf-417d-af18-995673994530</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-07-04T22:36:54Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>You will cry when you read this! LONG LIVE LIONS!!!</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/cd3f3991-9ccd-4381-88a3-5a4760b99fed</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;From the BBC
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;KIDNAPPED GIRL RESCUED BY LIONS
&lt;br/&gt;A pride of lions has rescued a girl from her kidnappers in rural south-west Ethiopia, according to police.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;A 12-year-old girl was snatched by four men on her way home from school early in June.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;A week later, kidnappers were moving her with police in pursuit when three lions encountered the group and chased the men off, local police said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The lions stayed with the girl without harming her, before departing as police searching for her came near.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Sergeant Wondmu Wedaj told the media from Bita Genet, some 560 kilometres (348 miles) south-west of the capital, Addis Ababa, that they found the girl alive but shocked and terrified.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;'Gift'
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"They stood guard until we found her and then they just left her like a gift and went back into the forest," the policeman said.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Serengeti Lion, BBC
&lt;br/&gt;The police did not know the sex of the lions
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The girl told the police she had been beaten by her kidnappers, but no harm was done to her by the lions.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;An Ethiopian wildlife expert said the lions may have spared the girl because her crying may have sounded like the mewing sound from a lion cub.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"Everyone thinks this is some kind of miracle, because normally the lions would attack people," Sergeant Wondimu added.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Four men have been caught by police.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The United Nations estimates abductions, which lead to marriage, are rife in rural areas where the majority of Ethiopians live.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt; 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;		&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2005 21:43:06 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/cd3f3991-9ccd-4381-88a3-5a4760b99fed</guid>
      <dc:creator>superamanda</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-06-21T21:43:06Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>Fantastic Lynx news!</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/a5aaccdc-ae01-43e9-9c8c-420046ed9a81</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20050607/ap_on_sc/lynx_comeback
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;mEWOW!!&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jun 2005 06:28:02 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/a5aaccdc-ae01-43e9-9c8c-420046ed9a81</guid>
      <dc:creator>superamanda</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-06-08T06:28:02Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>living in a time prophecied of....</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/02f092b0-1b6a-4ac4-a0a1-85277f2710aa</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt; Remember what one Hopi Elder said...
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Gather yourselves...
&lt;br/&gt;see who is in there with u.
&lt;br/&gt;Do u know where yer water comes from, yer food ?
&lt;br/&gt;The time of the lone wolf is over.
&lt;br/&gt;Banish the word struggle from yer vocabulary.
&lt;br/&gt;Do not take anything personally.
&lt;br/&gt;We are the ones we have been waiting for.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;- Thomas Bancaya Oraibi Nation&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2005 23:31:49 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/02f092b0-1b6a-4ac4-a0a1-85277f2710aa</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-06-02T23:31:49Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>that's why they call him "chief</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/f27c1d0a-1bdc-4571-98c7-7ae5104fc5f3</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;	
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;“What is Man
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Without the Beasts?
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;If All Beasts Were Gone,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Man Would Die a Great
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Loneliness of Spirit.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;For Whatever Happens
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;To the Beasts,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Also Happens to Man.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;All Things are Connected.  Whatever Befalls Earth,
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Befalls the Sons of Earth.”
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;- Chief Seattle&lt;/div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 27 May 2005 20:28:16 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/f27c1d0a-1bdc-4571-98c7-7ae5104fc5f3</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-05-27T20:28:16Z</dc:date>
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      <title>Canned Hunting: time to hunt the hunters</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/183c2803-fbc1-4b36-8dcd-b9e15e922ac1</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;www.enkosini.com/ CannedHunting.htm&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Fri, 27 May 2005 07:36:59 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>superamanda</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-05-27T07:36:59Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>here come the hunter</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/48ae2c49-7532-42a9-9a51-84e8b8137419</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;hehehe 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;open season on Mikal M, who THREATENED a tribe member/sister of mine, for posting a listing asking people to protest killing cali mountain lions for sport (which is a felony under anti-terrorist law, if the threat makes fear for your safety!)
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;so hehe this sks (russian ak47 copy) toting jerk off will be joining us for dinner, let him have it kitties!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;meow!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;j3&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Wed, 25 May 2005 07:22:18 GMT</pubDate>
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      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-05-25T07:22:18Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>J Ho Crosses the line</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/6f53ca03-ed13-44ed-9084-bfe7a144406c</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;Jennifer Lopez has been photographed in no less than THREE different Lynx coats. She really has no class.&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Mar 2005 05:14:52 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/6f53ca03-ed13-44ed-9084-bfe7a144406c</guid>
      <dc:creator>superamanda</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-03-15T05:14:52Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>http:www.sacredjaguarfoundation.org v3.</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/4c8adaa4-3b8e-4270-bed4-0f47adbbe143</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;some new (minor) changes to the site. added atlavista language translator box to the front page.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;new email addy:
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar3@sacredjaguarfoundation.org
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;several new links on friends page.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;people to write to prevent california mountain lion hunting added to content page.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;meows!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;j3&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Wed, 11 May 2005 17:15:25 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/4c8adaa4-3b8e-4270-bed4-0f47adbbe143</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-05-11T17:15:25Z</dc:date>
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      <title>fight for our lynx's!!! kill corrupt agencies!</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/2f54b58d-c1dd-467c-9601-2ec57894cb3f</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;Lynx Fur Flying: Political Meddling in Science
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;In December, 2001, the Washington Times ran a story about lynx biologists in Washington State. The story implied that a number of biologists, employees of the US Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife Service and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife had conspired to defraud the public by planting lynx hairs into a wide ranging habitat survey to back some sort of secret, illicit environmental agenda.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Before agency scientists had a chance to respond, a number of politicians jumped into the fray, demanding hearings, investigations and even termination of the scientists involved.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The biggest victim in this political quagmire has been the truth. A review of the record of this case demonstrates conclusively that this has been more a matter of political posturing than scientific wrongdoing. A number of key points have been obscured and should be illuminated ... read more &gt;&gt;&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Read the USDA's Lynx Investigative Report (in pdf)
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Read the Region 1 Fish &amp;amp; Wildlife Service White Paper: "Management of Canada Lynx in the Cascades Geographic Areas of Oregon and Washington" (in pdf)
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Read the White Paper Appendices (in pdf)
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Call the FWS at 503-231-6188 for the full PDF report
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Washington Times Proposed Mock Up of FSEEEA advertisement (in pdf)&lt;/div&gt;
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      <pubDate>Tue, 10 May 2005 04:51:36 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/2f54b58d-c1dd-467c-9601-2ec57894cb3f</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-05-10T04:51:36Z</dc:date>
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      <title>hey redneck, come pick a fight with me!!! Olga never turned to cattle as a source of food, even when trying to feed her hungry cubs.</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/180887cf-a8d2-4828-96af-222a8e20c839</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;goodbye Olga, you were far too good for this world, i miss you mama kittie!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;LEGENDARY SIBERIAN TIGER, OLGA, KILLED BY POACHERS
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Olga, the first Siberian tiger ever fitted with a radio-collar, is dead, according to officials from the Bronx Zoo-based Wildlife Conservation Society, who have been tracking the big cat for the past 13 years.  The 14-year-old tiger, missing since January, is presumed killed by poachers who destroyed her radio collar.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Olga was the first animal captured by the staff of the Siberian Tiger Project, a cooperative research and conservation program between the Wildlife Conservation (WCS) and Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik.  Radio-collared when she was just a year-old near the village of Terney, her movements and life history were closely monitored for much of her life.  She spent her entire life in a 500-square kilometer (approximately 200 square-mile) swath of forest north of Terney in the Russian Far East, giving birth to six litters totaling at least 13 cubs, six of which survived.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Copyright John Goodrich“To our knowledge, Olga is the oldest, and the most intensively studied tiger in the world,” said Dale Miquelle, Director of the Wildlife Conservation Society’s Russia Program, and one of the people who first radio-collared Olga.  For many of us, Olga was a symbol of the tiger’s resilience and capacity to live side by side with humans. It was a privilege to be able to observe for such a long period, and it’s a shame that we could not have followed her longer to witness a more dignified death from old age.”  
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The collar that Olga wore transmitted a regular beeping signal that biologists used to track her movements.  Since January, however, they have been unable to locate her signal despite extensive aerial and ground searches over an area of about 10,000 square kilometers (3,800 square miles).
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Staff of the Siberian Tiger Project have documented many cases in which lost signals from radio collars are a result of poachers killing the tiger and then destroying the collar.  If Olga has met this same fate, it is not an unusual one for tigers in the Russian Far East: of 23 deaths of tigers recorded by the WCS Siberian Tiger Project, 17 were killed by poachers.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;“Olga has been living in the same place for 14 years and resident tigers don’t just pack up and move long distances,” reports WCS conservationist John Goodrich, Field Coordinator for the STP.  “It’s unlikely that her collar failed. We’ve used about 100 radio-collars on tigers and bears during the life of the project and have only documented one premature collar failure.”
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Olga was well known to people around the world, having been filmed for several international television documentaries, including National Geographic’s award winning “Tigers in the Snow,” and appearing in magazine and newspaper articles.  Locally, she was also a type of celebrity, with news of her activities often appearing in the local newspaper of Terney, and talk of her whereabouts and activities a popular topic of conversation, especially among those who lived and worked in the forests where she lived.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;A survey to assess numbers of tigers remaining in the Russian Far East, coordinated by WCS and many other governmental and non-governmental agencies, including AMUR, an Anglo-Russian charity that raises money to pay for the urgent work in the Russian Far East, is just being completed. However, it is too early to say just how many tigers remain.  Nonetheless, tigers are considered extremely rare, and in danger of extinction throughout their range.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt; “Since we first radio-collared her in 1992, Olga lived largely outside of protected areas, in forests heavily used by hunters, and intensively grazed by cattle, said Dale Miquelle.  “But for 13 years, she avoided contact with those hunters, and never turned to cattle as a source of food, even when trying to feed her hungry cubs.  Her perseverance while other tigers were falling victim to poachers’ bullets symbolized the fight to save the world’s last Siberians, despite overwhelming odds.”&lt;/div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 2005 22:19:38 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/180887cf-a8d2-4828-96af-222a8e20c839</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-04-30T22:19:38Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>fave website of the moment</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/2cfc8fdc-9213-4126-86ff-0e3988258d1d</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;http://www.cloudedleopard.org/about.htm
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;check the interactive "cat" chart, teeth, eyes, etc.!!!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;well done!&lt;/div&gt;
				&lt;div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 2005 22:47:23 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/2cfc8fdc-9213-4126-86ff-0e3988258d1d</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-04-30T22:47:23Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>1 jaguar trying to Sue U.S. to Recover our florida panthers</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/5251fac9-b418-41b3-9dd0-9de6c09f0fc6</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;can anyone help with this, looking for a lawyer's input, if ya know an environmental lawyer can you email me their info!
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;please, this cat has very little time left!&lt;/div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 2005 22:38:21 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/5251fac9-b418-41b3-9dd0-9de6c09f0fc6</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-04-30T22:38:21Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Conservationists Sue U.S. to Recover Jaguars</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/854eb07e-cc7a-40e3-b99d-5170f08f81bc</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;Press Release: July 21, 2003
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Contacts: 
&lt;br/&gt;Michael J. Robinson, 505-534-0360
&lt;br/&gt;Scotty Johnson, 520-623-9653 x 103
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Non-profit organizations Center for Biological Diversity and Defenders of Wildlife today filed suit in federal court to ensure the return of North America’s largest cat, the jaguar, panthera onca.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Jaguars typically display a golden colored pelage with black rosettes that appear from afar as spots. In some jaguars, the entire pelt is black. The jaguar is highly adaptable and known to range widely and occupy a variety of different types of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to grasslands, deserts, woodlands, and even high elevation mixed conifer forests of spruce and fir.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The litigation, targeting Interior Secretary Gale Norton and her Fish and Wildlife Service, seeks to jumpstart conservation actions through the timely creation of a recovery plan, six years after the jaguar was listed as an endangered species in the United States. 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The suit also cites the failure of the Fish and Wildlife Service to designate critical habitat for the jaguar. (just as they gave the florida panther's habititat away for developement, based on faulty &amp;amp; probably falsified studies, ensure THE EXTINCTION OF THE FLORIDA PANTHER! j3)
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;A recovery plan is an overarching planning document that takes into account how an animal or plant became imperiled and what steps are necessary to recover that species. Without a recovery plan, conservation measures may be piecemeal and inadequate to the task.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Killing of jaguars by the federal government and private individuals as well as human encroachment into jaguar habitat resulted in its extirpation from the U.S..
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Heightened conservation measures are crucial to allowing jaguars to reclaim their ancestral territory before new border fences, roads and sprawling rural developments cut off migratory routes and prevent jaguars from re-establishing themselves in New Mexico and Arizona.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"Within one human lifetime this crowning jewel of American wildlife heritage has been eliminated from our wilderness" said Scotty Johnson of Defenders of Wildlife, chair of the interagency Jaguar Conservation Team outreach committee.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;He added: "The American jaguar has many supporters. Wildlife advocates, scientists and ranchers work on its behalf. The cat reminds us of what we have lost and gives us hope with it’s return. The Service can help with this. It’s time for the Bush administration to stop de-funding recovery plans and provide funds to Fish and Wildlife to save this majestic American icon."
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Michael J. Robinson of the Center for Biological Diversity pointed to the potential for jaguars to thrive in New Mexico and Arizona’s Gila and Blue range, the latter of which was the locale where the last known wild female jaguar in this country was killed in 1963. (the year i was born!)
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;"We look forward to jaguars once again wandering the cottonwood and alder shaded canyons of the Gila, San Francisco and Blue Rivers," he said, adding: "Linking habitat in the U.S. to habitat in Mexico is the best strategy for ensuring that future generations will be able to thrill to the sight of a big paw print in the wet sand."
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Prior to the 1997 listing of the jaguar as endangered in the U.S. – a result of a 1992 scientific petition by southern Arizona rural resident and biologist Anthony Povilitis, Ph.D., and 1996 follow-up litigation by the Center for Biological Diversity – the jaguar was listed as endangered only south of the U.S. - Mexico border.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The species had originally been placed on the federal endangered species list under authority of the 1969 predecessor to the modern (1973) Endangered Species Act, but it lost that protection north of the border in 1973 due to what the Fish and Wildlife Service termed a typographic "oversight."
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;In 1987, a jaguar that had been reported as living in southern Arizona’s Chiricahua Mountains for over a year was shot. In 1992, rural Chiricahuas resident and biologist Anthony Povilitis, Ph.D., filed a scientific petition to again protect the species under the ESA, but the Fish and Wildlife Service did not act on that petition until the Center for Biological Diversity followed it up with litigation in 1996, leading to a listing the following year.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Populations of the jaguar in Mexico are now becoming fragmented and isolated, with each subpopulation successively succumbing to the pressures of habitat destruction and human persecution. This pattern mirrors the decline last century of the jaguar in the U.S..
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;However, there is hope: Conservationists are raising money to purchase land in Sonora, Mexico, approximately 120 miles south of Douglas, Arizona, that scientists say supports the northernmost extant jaguar population and the source of jaguars that are thought to roam in the U.S.. An estimated 75 - 100 of the big cats are thought to live in this region.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Jaguars sighted in the U.S in recent times are thought to be young males searching out new territories. Since 1996, three different jaguars in Arizona and New Mexico have been photographed near the border with Mexico.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The most recent U.S. jaguar photograph was taken in December, 2001, by a motion-operated camera set five miles north of the border. The Border Patrol plans to construct hundreds of miles of impermeable fifteen foot fences in that vicinity.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;In historic times the jaguar roamed throughout the southern tier of states, and in prehistoric times it occupied almost all of the contiguous United States: Panthera onca remains from ten thousand years ago have been unearthed in New England.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Writer Peter Matthiessen, in his classic book Wildlife in America (1987), described the species’ range as established as far north as the Red River in Arkansas, and noted a credible report from the mountains of North Carolina in 1737. Several early accounts also mentioned jaguars and "tigers" in Louisiana, including the killing of one in 1886.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;According to the late Vernon Bailey, one of the top mammalogists in the U.S. and chief field naturalist for the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey (predecessor to the Fish and Wildlife Service), jaguars were once common in southern and eastern Texas but by the time of his writing in 1905 had become extremely rare. Nevertheless, jaguars were still killed on the Great Plains of central Texas as late as 1947 and 1948.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;In New Mexico, a jaguar was poisoned in the Datil Mountains north of the Gila in 1902. That same year and in 1903, according to Bailey, the New Mexico state game warden reported successive jaguar sightings in northeastern New Mexico on the Great Plains, accounts Bailey found credible (his 1931 book, Mammals of New Mexico, details these). Sightings were also reported along the Rio Grande in 1922, and a government predator hunter pursued with his dogs (but did not catch) a jaguar in the San Andres Mountains (in the vicinity of today’s White Sands Missile Range) in 1937.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona has the best documented population of jaguars, with jaguars killed or documented in the state during each decade of the 20th century.  Among them, a female with kittens was killed near the Grand Canyon during the winter of 1907/1908. Kittens were also captured alive in 1906 in the Chiricahua Mountains of southern Arizona after their mother was shot.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;In 1919, C. Hart Merriam, the eminent mammalogist who founded and led the Biological Survey (and supervised Vernon Bailey), published an analysis of several accounts of jaguars from various locations in California, as far north as the Monterey Bay. The last known individual from California was killed near Palm Springs in 1860.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;The Endangered Species Act was signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on December 28, 1973 in order to conserve and recover threatened and endangered species and the ecosystems upon which they depend. &lt;/div&gt;
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		&lt;/div&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Sat, 30 Apr 2005 22:36:32 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid isPermaLink="false">http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/854eb07e-cc7a-40e3-b99d-5170f08f81bc</guid>
      <dc:creator>dreamwalker</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2005-04-30T22:36:32Z</dc:date>
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    <item>
      <title>a little good news (tho in the case of the florida panther - being endangered is really meaningless - every cat has a price on it's head!)</title>
      <link>http://sAGRADOjAGUAR.tribe.net/thread/b36187e0-f5c3-4deb-a8b1-c83f5237dab1</link>
      <description>&lt;div&gt;[Federal Register: July 22, 1997 (Volume 62, Number 140)]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[Rules and Regulations]               
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[Page 39147-39157]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[DOCID:fr22jy97-11]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;-----------------------------------------------------------------------
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Fish and Wildlife Service
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;50 CFR Part 17
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;RIN 1018-AC61
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt; 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Final Rule To 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Extend Endangered Status for the Jaguar in the United States
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;ACTION: Final rule.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;-----------------------------------------------------------------------
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;SUMMARY: The Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) extends endangered 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;status to the jaguar (Panthera onca) throughout its range under the 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;authority of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. With this 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;rule, the jaguar is now also listed as endangered in the United States, 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;as well as in Mexico and Central and South America. In the United 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;States, a primary threat to this species is illegal shooting. A minimum 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;of 64 jaguars were killed in Arizona since 1900. The most recent 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;individual killed in Arizona was in 1986.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    Loss and modification of the jaguar's habitat are likely to have 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;contributed to its decline. While only a few individuals are known to 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;survive in the United States (Arizona and New Mexico), the presence of 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;the species in the United States is believed to be dependent on the 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;status of the jaguar in northern Mexico. Documented observations are as 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;recent as 1996. Critical habitat was found to not be prudent and 
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;therefore is not being designated.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;DATES: Effective August 21, 1997.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;ADDRESSES: The complete file for this rule is available for inspection, 
&lt;br/&gt;by appointment, during normal business hours at the Fish and Wildlife 
&lt;br/&gt;Service, Arizona Ecological Services Field Office, 2321 West Royal Palm 
&lt;br/&gt;Road, Suite 103, Phoenix, Arizona 85021.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Sam Spiller, Field Supervisor, Arizona 
&lt;br/&gt;Ecological Services Field Office (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone 
&lt;br/&gt;602/640-2720; facsimile 602/640-2730).
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Background
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest species of cat native to 
&lt;br/&gt;the Western Hemisphere. Jaguars are muscular cats with relatively 
&lt;br/&gt;short, massive limbs and a deep-chested body. They are cinnamon-buff in 
&lt;br/&gt;color with many black spots; melanistic forms are also known, primarily 
&lt;br/&gt;from the southern part of the range. Its range in North America 
&lt;br/&gt;includes Mexico and portions of the southwestern United States (Hall 
&lt;br/&gt;1981). A number of jaguar records are known from Arizona, New Mexico, 
&lt;br/&gt;and Texas. Additional reports exist for California and Louisiana. 
&lt;br/&gt;Records of the jaguar in Arizona and New Mexico have been attributed to 
&lt;br/&gt;the subspecies Panthera onca arizonensis. The type specimen of this 
&lt;br/&gt;subspecies was collected in Navajo County, Arizona, in 1924 (Goldman 
&lt;br/&gt;1932). Nelson and Goldman (1933) described the distribution of this 
&lt;br/&gt;subspecies as the mountainous parts of eastern Arizona north to the 
&lt;br/&gt;Grand Canyon, the southern half of western New Mexico, northeastern 
&lt;br/&gt;Sonora, and, formerly, southeastern California. The records for Texas 
&lt;br/&gt;have been attributed to Panthera onca veraecrucis. Nelson and Goldman 
&lt;br/&gt;(1933) described the distribution of this subspecies as the Gulf slope 
&lt;br/&gt;of eastern and southeastern Mexico from the coast region of Tabasco, 
&lt;br/&gt;north through Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas, to central Texas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Swank and Teer (1989) indicate that the historical range of the 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar includes portions of the States of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas 
&lt;br/&gt;and Louisiana. These authors consider the current range to occur from 
&lt;br/&gt;central Mexico through Central America and into South America as far as 
&lt;br/&gt;northern Argentina. They state that the United States no longer 
&lt;br/&gt;contains established breeding populations, which probably disappeared 
&lt;br/&gt;in the 1960's. They also maintain that the jaguar prefers a warm, 
&lt;br/&gt;tropical climate, is usually associated with water, and is only rarely 
&lt;br/&gt;found in extensive arid areas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Brown (1983) presented an analysis suggesting there was a resident 
&lt;br/&gt;breeding population of jaguars in the southwestern United States at 
&lt;br/&gt;least into the 20th century. The Service (U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
&lt;br/&gt;Service 1990) recognizes that the jaguar continues to occur in the 
&lt;br/&gt;American Southwest, at least as an occasional wanderer from Mexico.
&lt;br/&gt;    The life history of the jaguar has been summarized by Nowak (1991) 
&lt;br/&gt;and Seymour (1989), among others. Jaguars breed year-round range-wide, 
&lt;br/&gt;but at the southern and northern ends of their range there is evidence 
&lt;br/&gt;for a spring breeding season. Gestation is about 100 days; litters 
&lt;br/&gt;range from one to four cubs (usually two). Cubs remain with their 
&lt;br/&gt;mother for nearly 2 years. Females begin sexual activity at 3 years of 
&lt;br/&gt;age, males at 4. Studies have documented few wild jaguars more than 11 
&lt;br/&gt;years old.
&lt;br/&gt;    The list of prey taken by jaguars range-wide includes more than 85 
&lt;br/&gt;species (Seymour 1989), such as peccaries (javelina), capybaras, pacas, 
&lt;br/&gt;armadillos, caimans, turtles, and various birds and fish. Javelina and 
&lt;br/&gt;deer are presumably mainstays in the diet of jaguars in the United 
&lt;br/&gt;States and Mexico borderlands.
&lt;br/&gt;    Jaguars are known from a variety of habitats (Nowak 1991, Seymour 
&lt;br/&gt;1989). They show a high affinity to lowland wet habitats, typically 
&lt;br/&gt;swampy savannas or tropical rain forests. However, they also occur, or 
&lt;br/&gt;once did, in upland habitats in warmer regions of North and South 
&lt;br/&gt;America.
&lt;br/&gt;    Within the United States, jaguars have been recorded most commonly 
&lt;br/&gt;from Arizona, but there are also records from California, New Mexico, 
&lt;br/&gt;and Texas, and reports from Louisiana. Currently there is no known 
&lt;br/&gt;resident population of jaguars in the United States, though they still 
&lt;br/&gt;occur in northern Mexico.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    Goldman (1932) believed the jaguar was a regular, but not abundant, 
&lt;br/&gt;resident in southeastern Arizona. Hoffmeister (1986) considered the 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar an uncommon resident species in Arizona. He concluded that the 
&lt;br/&gt;reports of jaguars between 1885 and 1965 indicated that a small but 
&lt;br/&gt;resident population once occurred in southeastern Arizona. Brown (1983) 
&lt;br/&gt;suggested that the jaguar in Arizona ranged widely throughout a variety 
&lt;br/&gt;of habitats from Sonoran desert scrub upward through subalpine conifer 
&lt;br/&gt;forest. Most of the records were from Madrean evergreen-woodland, 
&lt;br/&gt;shrub-invaded semidesert grassland, and along rivers (Girmandonk 1994).
&lt;br/&gt;    The most recent records of a jaguar in the United States are from 
&lt;br/&gt;the New Mexico/Arizona border area and in southcentral Arizona, both in 
&lt;br/&gt;1996, and confirmed through photographs. In 1971, a jaguar was taken 
&lt;br/&gt;east of Nogales, Arizona, and, in 1986, one was taken from the Dos 
&lt;br/&gt;Cabezas Mountains in Arizona. The latter individual reportedly had been 
&lt;br/&gt;in the area for about a year before it was killed (Ron Nowak, Fish and 
&lt;br/&gt;Wildlife Service, pers. comm., 1992).
&lt;br/&gt;    The Arizona Game and Fish Department (1988) cited two recent 
&lt;br/&gt;reports of jaguars in Arizona. The individuals were considered to be 
&lt;br/&gt;transients from Mexico. One of the reports was from 1987 from an 
&lt;br/&gt;undisclosed location. The other report was from 1988, when tracks were 
&lt;br/&gt;observed for several days prior to the
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39148]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;treeing of a jaguar by hounds in the Altar Valley, Pima County.
&lt;br/&gt;    An unconfirmed report of a jaguar at the Coronado National Memorial 
&lt;br/&gt;was made in 1991 (Ed Lopez, Coronado National Memorial, pers. comm., 
&lt;br/&gt;1992). In 1993, an unconfirmed sighting of a jaguar was reported for 
&lt;br/&gt;Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (William Kuvlesky, Fish and 
&lt;br/&gt;Wildlife Service, in litt., 1993). The following are historical 
&lt;br/&gt;accounts of jaguar occurrence:
&lt;br/&gt;    California. Merriam (1919) summarized several accounts of jaguars, 
&lt;br/&gt;from various locations in California, which were obtained from 
&lt;br/&gt;documents published between 1814 and 1860. Strong (1926) provided 
&lt;br/&gt;evidence the Cahuilla Indians of the Coachella Valley and San Jacinto 
&lt;br/&gt;and Santa Rosa Mountains of southern California were familiar with the 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar. Nowak (1975) mentioned reports of jaguars in the Tehachapi 
&lt;br/&gt;Mountains from 1855, and the last known individual from California 
&lt;br/&gt;which was killed near Palm Springs in 1860 (Strong 1926). Nowak 
&lt;br/&gt;speculated the animal may have been a breeding individual.
&lt;br/&gt;    Louisiana. Nowak (1973) speculated on the occurrence of jaguars 
&lt;br/&gt;east of Texas. Several early accounts mentioned jaguars and tigers. He 
&lt;br/&gt;cited Baird (1859) who believed that specimens had been taken from 
&lt;br/&gt;Louisiana. Nowak also discussed the killing of what was probably a 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar near New River, Ascension Parish, Louisiana in 1886. Lowery 
&lt;br/&gt;(1974) mentioned this killing and included the jaguar in the fauna of 
&lt;br/&gt;Louisiana on a provisional basis.
&lt;br/&gt;    New Mexico. Barber (1902) speculated that jaguars made their way 
&lt;br/&gt;into the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico by ascending the Gila River. 
&lt;br/&gt;Bailey (1931) suggested that jaguars seemed to be native in southern 
&lt;br/&gt;New Mexico but were regarded as wanderers from across the United 
&lt;br/&gt;States-Mexico border. He listed nine reports of jaguars in New Mexico 
&lt;br/&gt;from 1855 to 1905. Brown (1983) stated that the last record from New 
&lt;br/&gt;Mexico was from 1905. Nowak (1975) mentioned reports of jaguars along 
&lt;br/&gt;the Rio Grande from as late as 1922. Halloran (1946) reported that dogs 
&lt;br/&gt;``jumped'' a jaguar in the San Andres Mountains in 1937. Findley et al. 
&lt;br/&gt;(1975) stated that jaguars once occurred as far north as northern New 
&lt;br/&gt;Mexico.
&lt;br/&gt;    Texas. Bailey (1905) stated that the jaguar was once reported as 
&lt;br/&gt;common in southern and eastern Texas but had become extremely rare. 
&lt;br/&gt;Nowak (1975) believed that an established population once occurred in 
&lt;br/&gt;the dense thickets along the lower Nueces River and northeast to the 
&lt;br/&gt;Guadalupe River. He suggested that jaguars probably continued to wander 
&lt;br/&gt;from Mexico into the brush country of the southernmost part of the 
&lt;br/&gt;State. However, brush clearing has possibly reduced chances for 
&lt;br/&gt;reestablishment of the species in Texas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Mexico. Leopold (1959) believed the distribution of the jaguar in 
&lt;br/&gt;Mexico included the tropical forests of southeastern Mexico, the 
&lt;br/&gt;coastal plains to the mouth of the Rio Grande on the Gulf of Mexico 
&lt;br/&gt;side, and the Sonoran foothills of the Sierra Madre Occidental on the 
&lt;br/&gt;Pacific side. The highest densities of jaguars were found along heavily 
&lt;br/&gt;forested flatlands and foothills of southern Sinaloa, the swamps of 
&lt;br/&gt;coastal Nayarit, the remaining uncut forests along the Gulf coast as 
&lt;br/&gt;far east as central Campeche, and the great rain forests of northern 
&lt;br/&gt;Chiapas. He indicated that occasional wandering individuals were found 
&lt;br/&gt;far from these areas and that some had followed tropical gorges far 
&lt;br/&gt;into the mountains. He believed that jaguars had traveled up the 
&lt;br/&gt;Brazos, Pecos, Rio Grande, Gila, and Colorado Rivers on their northern 
&lt;br/&gt;movements. He mentioned a 1955 record of a jaguar near the southern tip 
&lt;br/&gt;of the San Pedro Martir range, Baja California. Leopold asserted that 
&lt;br/&gt;this individual was 500 miles from regularly occupied jaguar habitat.
&lt;br/&gt;    Swank and Teer (1989) described the distribution of the jaguar in 
&lt;br/&gt;North America as a broad belt from central Mexico to Central America. 
&lt;br/&gt;They found that the most northerly established populations, as reported 
&lt;br/&gt;by Mexican officials, were in southern Sinaloa and southern Tamaulipas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Brown (1991) did not believe the jaguar was extirpated from 
&lt;br/&gt;northern Mexico. Although jaguars were considered relatively common in 
&lt;br/&gt;Sonora in the 1930's and 1940's, he cited a population about 800 miles 
&lt;br/&gt;south of the United States-Mexico border as the most northern 
&lt;br/&gt;officially reported. However, Brown suggested that there may be more 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguars in Sonora than are officially reported. He mentioned reports of 
&lt;br/&gt;two jaguars which were killed in central Sonora around 1970. He also 
&lt;br/&gt;discussed assertions by the local Indians that both male and female 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguars still occurred in the Sierra Bacatete about 200 miles south of 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona. Brown speculated that if a reproducing population of jaguars 
&lt;br/&gt;is still present in these mountains, it may be the source of 
&lt;br/&gt;individuals which travel northward through the Sierra Libre and Sierra 
&lt;br/&gt;Madera until they reach Arizona. Nowak (pers. comm., 1992) reiterated 
&lt;br/&gt;that as late as 1987, the species was still considered common in the 
&lt;br/&gt;Sierra Bacatete near Guaymas, Sonora.
&lt;br/&gt;    Brown (1989) reported that biologists from Mexico have stated that 
&lt;br/&gt;at least two jaguars have been killed in Chihuahua. In 1987, Nowak 
&lt;br/&gt;(pers. comm., 1992) claimed that jaguars were still regularly present 
&lt;br/&gt;along the Soto la Marina River of central Tamaulipas, which is about 
&lt;br/&gt;150 miles from the southern tip of Texas. He also hypothesized that 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguars may be entering Arizona from Mexico due to habitat destruction 
&lt;br/&gt;in Sonora. Large stretches of natural forest were cleared in central 
&lt;br/&gt;Tamaulipas. In Arizona, by contrast, jaguar prey populations have 
&lt;br/&gt;increased, and large tracts of brush and canyon woodland are still 
&lt;br/&gt;available to provide cover for jaguars.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Previous Federal Actions
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    Prior to this final rule, the jaguar was listed as endangered from 
&lt;br/&gt;the United States and Mexico border southward to include Mexico and 
&lt;br/&gt;Central and South America (37 FR 6476, March 30, 1972; 50 CFR 17.11, 
&lt;br/&gt;August 20, 1994). The species was originally listed as endangered in 
&lt;br/&gt;accordance with the Endangered Species Conservation Act of 1969 (ESCA). 
&lt;br/&gt;Pursuant to the ESCA, two separate lists of endangered wildlife were 
&lt;br/&gt;maintained, one for foreign species and one for species native to the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States. The jaguar appeared only on the List of Endangered 
&lt;br/&gt;Foreign Wildlife. In 1973, the Endangered Species Act (Act) superseded 
&lt;br/&gt;the ESCA. The foreign and native lists were replaced by a single ``List 
&lt;br/&gt;of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife,'' which was first published in 
&lt;br/&gt;the Federal Register on September 26, 1975 (40 FR 44412).
&lt;br/&gt;    On July 25, 1979, the Service published a notice (44 FR 43705) 
&lt;br/&gt;stating that, through an oversight in the listing of the jaguar and six 
&lt;br/&gt;other endangered species, the United States populations of these 
&lt;br/&gt;species were not protected by the Act. The notice asserted that it was 
&lt;br/&gt;always the intent of the Service that all populations of the seven 
&lt;br/&gt;species deserved to be listed as endangered, whether they occurred in 
&lt;br/&gt;the United States or in foreign countries. Therefore, the notice stated 
&lt;br/&gt;that the Service intended to take action as quickly as possible to 
&lt;br/&gt;propose the United States populations of these species for listing.
&lt;br/&gt;    On July 25, 1980, the Service published a proposed rule (45 FR 
&lt;br/&gt;49844) to list the jaguar and four of the other species referred to 
&lt;br/&gt;above in the United States. The proposal for listing the jaguar and 
&lt;br/&gt;three other species was withdrawn on September 17, 1982 (47 FR 41145). 
&lt;br/&gt;The notice issued by the Service stated that the Act mandated
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39149]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;withdrawal of proposed rules to list species which have not been 
&lt;br/&gt;finalized within 2 years of the proposal.
&lt;br/&gt;    On August 3, 1992, the Service received a petition from the 
&lt;br/&gt;instructor and students of the American Southwest Sierra Institute and 
&lt;br/&gt;Life Net to list the jaguar as endangered in the United States. The 
&lt;br/&gt;petition was dated July 26, 1992. On April 13, 1993 (58 FR 19216), the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service published a finding that the petition presented substantial 
&lt;br/&gt;information indicating that listing may be warranted, and requested 
&lt;br/&gt;public comments and biological data on the status of the jaguar. On 
&lt;br/&gt;July 13, 1994 (59 FR 35674), the Service published a proposed rule to 
&lt;br/&gt;extend endangered status to the jaguar throughout its range.
&lt;br/&gt;    On September 8, 1994, the Service received a petition from the 
&lt;br/&gt;Trans Texas Heritage Association to list the jaguar as extinct in the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States. The Service responded to the petitioner on December 5, 
&lt;br/&gt;1994, that the request was not a petitionable action.
&lt;br/&gt;    On April 10, 1995, Congress enacted a moratorium prohibiting work 
&lt;br/&gt;on listing actions (Public Law 104-6) and eliminated funding for the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service to conduct final listing activities. The moratorium was lifted 
&lt;br/&gt;on April 26, 1996, by means of a Presidential waiver, at which time 
&lt;br/&gt;limited funding for listing actions was made available through the 
&lt;br/&gt;Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1996 (Public Law No. 104-134, 100 
&lt;br/&gt;Stat. 1321, 1996). The Service published guidance for restarting the 
&lt;br/&gt;listing program on May 16, 1996 (61 FR 24722). The listing process for 
&lt;br/&gt;the jaguar was resumed in September 1996, when the Southwest Center for 
&lt;br/&gt;Biological Diversity filed a law suit and motion for summary judgment 
&lt;br/&gt;for the Secretary to finalize the listing for the jaguar and four other 
&lt;br/&gt;species.
&lt;br/&gt;    On January 15, 1997, the Arizona Game and Fish Department and New 
&lt;br/&gt;Mexico Department of Game and Fish requested that the Service reopen 
&lt;br/&gt;the jaguar public comment period for 70 days so that they could 
&lt;br/&gt;finalize and submit an interstate/intergovernmental ``Conservation 
&lt;br/&gt;Assessment and Strategy for the Jaguar in Arizona and New Mexico'' and 
&lt;br/&gt;``Memorandum of Agreement for the Conservation of the Arizona Jaguar.'' 
&lt;br/&gt;These documents, collectively referred to as the Conservation Agreement 
&lt;br/&gt;(CA), reflect the commitments of the agencies to expedite the 
&lt;br/&gt;development and implementation of conservation measures needed for the 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona jaguar in the United States.
&lt;br/&gt;    The Service considered the CA as new information relevant to the 
&lt;br/&gt;listing determination. The comment period was reopened for a total of 
&lt;br/&gt;15 days, from January 31 through February 14, 1997 (62 FR 4718). The 
&lt;br/&gt;completion date for the final listing determination was reassigned to 
&lt;br/&gt;April 1, 1997. On March 14, 1997, the U.S. District Court for the 
&lt;br/&gt;District including Arizona ordered the Service to list the jaguar as 
&lt;br/&gt;endangered no later than 120 days from the date of the order. On July 
&lt;br/&gt;3, 1997, the Court clarified that order, noting that the 120-day 
&lt;br/&gt;timeframe was provided for the Service to make a decision as to whether 
&lt;br/&gt;or not to extend endangered status for the jaguar in the United States.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Summary of Comments and Recommendations
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    In the July 13, 1994, proposed rule (59 FR 35674) and associated 
&lt;br/&gt;notifications, all interested parties were requested to submit factual 
&lt;br/&gt;reports or information that might bear on whether or not the jaguar 
&lt;br/&gt;should be listed. The comment period originally closed on September 12, 
&lt;br/&gt;1994, but was reopened from November 15 to December 14, 1994 (59 FR 
&lt;br/&gt;53627; October 25, 1994), to allow submission of additional comments 
&lt;br/&gt;and public hearings. Appropriate State and Federal agencies, county 
&lt;br/&gt;governments, scientific organizations, and other interested parties 
&lt;br/&gt;were contacted and requested to comment. Newspaper notices inviting 
&lt;br/&gt;public comment were published in Arizona in the Arizona Republic, 
&lt;br/&gt;Phoenix Gazette, Arizona Daily Star, Tucson Citizen, and Green Valley 
&lt;br/&gt;News/Sun; in New Mexico in the Albuquerque Journal, Albuquerque 
&lt;br/&gt;Tribune, Las Cruces Sun-News, Santa Fe New Mexican, Alamogordo Daily 
&lt;br/&gt;News, Defensor Chieftain, and Silver City Daily Press and Independent; 
&lt;br/&gt;and in Texas in the Corpus Christi Caller-Times and The McAllen 
&lt;br/&gt;Monitor. The inclusive dates of publication were July 29 to August 3 
&lt;br/&gt;for the initial comment period. The inclusive dates of publication for 
&lt;br/&gt;the comment period extension and public hearings were November 11 to 
&lt;br/&gt;November 15 and did not include the Green Valley News but did include 
&lt;br/&gt;the El Paso Times/Herald Post.
&lt;br/&gt;    Public hearings were requested by the Cochise County (Arizona) 
&lt;br/&gt;Planning Department, the Board of Supervisors of Apache County 
&lt;br/&gt;(Arizona), the Eastern Arizona Counties Organization, the County of 
&lt;br/&gt;Otero (New Mexico), and the Texas Wildlife Association. The Service 
&lt;br/&gt;conducted three public hearings. Interested parties were contacted and 
&lt;br/&gt;notified of the hearings. A notice of the hearing dates and locations 
&lt;br/&gt;was published in the Federal Register on October 25, 1994 (59 FR 
&lt;br/&gt;53627). Approximately 60 people attended the hearings. About 15 people 
&lt;br/&gt;attended the hearing in Safford, Arizona, 10 in El Paso, Texas, and 35 
&lt;br/&gt;in Weslaco, Texas. Transcripts of these hearings are available for 
&lt;br/&gt;inspection (see ADDRESSES section).
&lt;br/&gt;    Upon resumption of the listing process following the listing 
&lt;br/&gt;moratorium, a third public comment period was opened, January 31, 1997, 
&lt;br/&gt;through February 14, 1997. Notice of this reopening of the comment 
&lt;br/&gt;period was published between January 31, 1997 and February 8, 1997 (62 
&lt;br/&gt;FR 4718). Newspaper notices inviting public comment were published in 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona in the Green Valley News, Arizona Daily Star (Tucson), Tucson 
&lt;br/&gt;Citizen, and Arizona Republic (Phoenix); in Texas in the Corpus Christi 
&lt;br/&gt;Caller Times, Las Cruces Sun-News, The Monitor (McAllen), and El Paso 
&lt;br/&gt;Times/Herald; and in New Mexico in the Albuquerque Journal, Albuquerque 
&lt;br/&gt;Tribune, Silver City Daily Press, Defensor Chieftain (Socorro), 
&lt;br/&gt;Alamogordo Daily News, and Santa Fe New Mexican. No additional formal 
&lt;br/&gt;public meetings were held during this period.
&lt;br/&gt;    A total of 266 written comments were received during all open 
&lt;br/&gt;comment periods. The listing proposal was supported by 185; 43 opposed 
&lt;br/&gt;the proposed listing; 31 supported the CA in lieu of listing, and 7 
&lt;br/&gt;either commented on information in the proposed rule but expressed 
&lt;br/&gt;neither support nor opposition, provided additional information only, 
&lt;br/&gt;or were non-substantive or irrelevant to the proposed listing. In 
&lt;br/&gt;addition, a ``petition'' to place the jaguar on the endangered species 
&lt;br/&gt;list included 115 signatures.
&lt;br/&gt;    Oral or written comments were received from 21 parties at the 
&lt;br/&gt;hearings. Four supported listing, 15 opposed listing, and 2 expressed 
&lt;br/&gt;neither support nor opposition, provided additional information only, 
&lt;br/&gt;or provided comments that were nonsubstantive or irrelevant to listing.
&lt;br/&gt;    In addition to the public comments, the Service sought out peer 
&lt;br/&gt;review from three independent scientists. Two of the three peer 
&lt;br/&gt;reviewers responded. A discussion of their comments follow the 
&lt;br/&gt;discussion of public comments and Service responses below.
&lt;br/&gt;    Written comments and oral statements presented at the public 
&lt;br/&gt;hearings and received during the comment periods are incorporated into 
&lt;br/&gt;this rule as appropriate and/or are addressed in the following 
&lt;br/&gt;discussion of issues and responses. Comments of a similar nature or 
&lt;br/&gt;point are grouped into a number of general issues. These issues
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39150]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;and the Service's response to each are discussed below.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 1: The jaguar is not native to the United States. The 
&lt;br/&gt;assumption by the Service that the historical range includes the United 
&lt;br/&gt;States is not borne out by the historical record. The United States was 
&lt;br/&gt;merely peripheral to the historic range. The species was never more 
&lt;br/&gt;than wandering individuals that occasionally crossed the border into 
&lt;br/&gt;the United States. The native jaguar is extirpated from the United 
&lt;br/&gt;States. Only the State of Arizona has had alleged reports of jaguars. 
&lt;br/&gt;No breeding population of the jaguar exists in the United States. The 
&lt;br/&gt;likelihood of establishing a breeding population would be impossible 
&lt;br/&gt;because of previous habitat modification and distances of breeding 
&lt;br/&gt;populations from the United States. Suitable habitat, even for random 
&lt;br/&gt;wanderings, no longer exists. That is why visits were rare in the 
&lt;br/&gt;1900's and why the visits resulted in the demise of the stray. It is 
&lt;br/&gt;incumbent upon the Service to provide evidence that the jaguar was a 
&lt;br/&gt;breeding species in the United States.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: As discussed in the ``Summary of Factors 
&lt;br/&gt;Affecting the Species,'' the Service believes that the jaguar is native 
&lt;br/&gt;to the United States. The evidence strongly indicates that the 
&lt;br/&gt;historical range of the jaguar included portions of the southwestern 
&lt;br/&gt;United States. The jaguar is not extirpated from the United States as 
&lt;br/&gt;indicated by continuing reports and documentation of individuals in 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona. The most recent observation was made in late 1996 from Arizona 
&lt;br/&gt;and New Mexico.
&lt;br/&gt;    The issue of whether a breeding population is wholly supported 
&lt;br/&gt;within the United States is not relevant. The fact that individuals 
&lt;br/&gt;occur in the United States warrants their consideration for listing, 
&lt;br/&gt;evaluation of relevant threats, and development of appropriate 
&lt;br/&gt;conservation considerations.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 2: The Service should list the jaguar as extinct in the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States and herewith is a petition for such a finding. Another 
&lt;br/&gt;commenter stated the actual scientific evidence that either subspecies 
&lt;br/&gt;of jaguar still exists is lacking. Another commenter stated there 
&lt;br/&gt;appears to be no evidence of subspecies identification of jaguars for 
&lt;br/&gt;California, Louisiana, New Mexico, or Mexico.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: As discussed in the section regarding previous 
&lt;br/&gt;Federal action, the Service responded to the petition to list the 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar as extinct in the United States in a letter dated December 5, 
&lt;br/&gt;1994 (John Rogers, Fish and Wildlife Service, in litt., 1995). In that 
&lt;br/&gt;letter, the Service stated that it does not add species to the list of 
&lt;br/&gt;endangered and threatened wildlife and plants as extinct, and 
&lt;br/&gt;therefore, the Service believed that the request was not a petitionable 
&lt;br/&gt;action.
&lt;br/&gt;    As discussed above, there are two subspecies that are known from, 
&lt;br/&gt;and may occur in, the United States. The reports and records of jaguars 
&lt;br/&gt;in Arizona, California, and New Mexico are attributable to Panthera 
&lt;br/&gt;onca arizonensis. The type locality for this subspecies is in Navajo 
&lt;br/&gt;County, Arizona. The reports and records of jaguars in Louisiana and 
&lt;br/&gt;Texas are attributable to P. o. veraecrucis. Although the subspecies 
&lt;br/&gt;designation of the jaguar is not relevant to the listing proposal, the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service has confirmed that P. o. arizonensis is in Arizona; the Service 
&lt;br/&gt;believes that P. o. veraecrucis may be extant in Texas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 3: There are no scientifically valid records to support the 
&lt;br/&gt;idea that jaguars existed in California in recent centuries. No post-
&lt;br/&gt;Pleistocene remains have been collected in California, nor in the 
&lt;br/&gt;Colorado River corridor from northern Arizona to the Gulf of 
&lt;br/&gt;California. None of the purported sightings in those areas were made by 
&lt;br/&gt;biologists or reputable naturalists. Early 19th century references in 
&lt;br/&gt;central California were based on hearsay or misidentification. The 
&lt;br/&gt;purported sightings in southern California are not reliable. It is 
&lt;br/&gt;conceivable that individuals wandered into California from Arizona or 
&lt;br/&gt;Mexico historically, given their long-range dispersal ability. However, 
&lt;br/&gt;such events would have been rare.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: Available information indicates that California 
&lt;br/&gt;was part of the historical range of the jaguar, but no conclusive data 
&lt;br/&gt;exist. The California Department of Fish and Game (R. Jurek, pers. 
&lt;br/&gt;comm. 1996) does not accept these records as valid. Regardless, this 
&lt;br/&gt;rule extends endangered status to the jaguar in the United States 
&lt;br/&gt;throughout its range. Thus, whether or not California is part of the 
&lt;br/&gt;historical range, jaguars that may occur there are protected by the 
&lt;br/&gt;Act.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 4: A commenter stated that most of the accounts in the 
&lt;br/&gt;proposal are anecdotal. Another stated there were discrepancies in the 
&lt;br/&gt;number of jaguars taken or killed in Arizona and that it is incumbent 
&lt;br/&gt;upon the Service to provide documentation for the information presented 
&lt;br/&gt;in the proposed rule.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The Service has carefully evaluated the 
&lt;br/&gt;information available regarding the jaguar for accuracy and relevance, 
&lt;br/&gt;whether anecdotal or not. The Service has addressed any discrepancies 
&lt;br/&gt;it has perceived and made changes where appropriate in this final rule. 
&lt;br/&gt;Many accounts of jaguar occurrence are from the historical literature 
&lt;br/&gt;and field accounts. Reconciling historical information is often 
&lt;br/&gt;complex, so the Service has tried to use the best information 
&lt;br/&gt;available, relying primarily on those aspects of the data which are 
&lt;br/&gt;best substantiated. Finally, this rule includes updated information 
&lt;br/&gt;that definitively documents jaguar occurrences as recently as 1996.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 5: One commenter stated that listing of the jaguar will lead 
&lt;br/&gt;to efforts to reintroduce the species. Another commenter stated that 
&lt;br/&gt;until the encroachment of people into these predatory animals' habitat 
&lt;br/&gt;can be stopped, it is not ethical to reintroduce a listed species. 
&lt;br/&gt;Furthermore, there are no areas big enough for reintroduction. 
&lt;br/&gt;Alternatively, another commenter stated the jaguar should be 
&lt;br/&gt;reintroduced in Texas. Places to start should include the Rio Grande 
&lt;br/&gt;River, perhaps in the Big Bend area. The jaguar is a top predator in 
&lt;br/&gt;the food chain and would provide biological control of various 
&lt;br/&gt;ungulates and rodents. The Service should begin a public education 
&lt;br/&gt;program to protect the jaguar and break ground on reintroduction. 
&lt;br/&gt;Another commenter was particularly interested in the prospect of 
&lt;br/&gt;reintroduction of the jaguar to California and other States. Another 
&lt;br/&gt;commenter stated that proper planning is needed for reintroduction.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: Depending on the species involved and the 
&lt;br/&gt;situation it faces, reintroduction may or may not be a viable means to 
&lt;br/&gt;reach recovery. The Service has no plans for reintroduction of the 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar anywhere in the United States. If reintroduction is contemplated 
&lt;br/&gt;at any time in the future it would be the subject of a separate 
&lt;br/&gt;rulemaking.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 6: None of the jaguars reported taken in recent times were 
&lt;br/&gt;taken as a result of legal, licensed, sport hunting. Thus, the jaguars 
&lt;br/&gt;reported taken were poached and not hunted.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The accuracy of this statement would depend on 
&lt;br/&gt;the wildlife laws and regulations that were in effect at the time all 
&lt;br/&gt;of the known jaguars were taken. However, the Service acknowledges that 
&lt;br/&gt;the wording in the proposed rule could have been misconstrued to mean 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguars are victims of legal hunting. The appropriate corrections have 
&lt;br/&gt;been made in the text of the final rule.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 7: Property rights may be abridged by this action in the 
&lt;br/&gt;States considered by the Service to be part of the historical range. 
&lt;br/&gt;Activities of the Service are adversely affecting people throughout the 
&lt;br/&gt;State of Texas, with
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39151]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;little, if any, benefit to the species. The proposed rule is seen as 
&lt;br/&gt;another attempt to further restrict legal hunting and predator control 
&lt;br/&gt;activities. Frivolous listings violate citizens' 9th and 10th amendment 
&lt;br/&gt;rights. Another commenter stated listing would require protection of 
&lt;br/&gt;the jaguar, thereby violating livestock owner's 5th and 14th amendments 
&lt;br/&gt;and civil rights. Will landowners not be subject to aerial inspection? 
&lt;br/&gt;Will the Service not be subject to lawsuits from the Humane Society? 
&lt;br/&gt;Possible acquisition of private property to create habitat for 
&lt;br/&gt;nonexisting or reintroduced jaguars would cause great loss to livestock 
&lt;br/&gt;and all other wild animals in south Texas. Listing of other species 
&lt;br/&gt;(Mexican spotted owl) has resulted in affecting other industries 
&lt;br/&gt;(logging) and actually resulted in further endangering the species. If 
&lt;br/&gt;the jaguar is listed, Federal agencies must comply with section 7 of 
&lt;br/&gt;the Act. Activities that may be affected are clearing of habitat, 
&lt;br/&gt;destruction of riparian areas, fragmentation or blocking of corridors 
&lt;br/&gt;that jaguars may use to cross from Mexico into the United States, and 
&lt;br/&gt;any trapping or animal control activities designed to target the jaguar 
&lt;br/&gt;or other large predators. This is an outrageous blatant attack on the 
&lt;br/&gt;agricultural economies of the States involved. Trapping and animal 
&lt;br/&gt;damage control activities designed to target large predators should not 
&lt;br/&gt;be victims of the listing of the jaguar. These programs have a 
&lt;br/&gt;legitimate function and should not be destroyed on behalf of a phantom 
&lt;br/&gt;species.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: Under the Act, listing of species must be 
&lt;br/&gt;considered only on the basis of the best biological information 
&lt;br/&gt;available. Listing decisions cannot be made on the basis of economic 
&lt;br/&gt;factors or possible problems or conflicts that may arise from 
&lt;br/&gt;compliance with section 7 and 9 of the Act. Once listed, however, the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service strives to recover threatened and endangered species in ways 
&lt;br/&gt;that minimize impacts on industry or private citizens. Further 
&lt;br/&gt;discussion of activities that may or may not violate the Act are 
&lt;br/&gt;discussed under the Available Conservation Measures section.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 8: No scientific information has been provided to support the 
&lt;br/&gt;argument that the jaguar requires protection in the United States. The 
&lt;br/&gt;proposed rule fails to demonstrate (under the listing factors) that the 
&lt;br/&gt;species is endangered in the United States.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The Service believes that the information 
&lt;br/&gt;regarding the threats to the jaguar in the United States discussed 
&lt;br/&gt;under the five factors indicates that the species merits listing.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 9: Jaguars that occur in the United States do not possess the 
&lt;br/&gt;genetics needed to enhance the breeding population.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The Service does not possess relevant information 
&lt;br/&gt;regarding the genetic status of the jaguar in the United States. 
&lt;br/&gt;However, the genetic contribution of all individuals of a declining 
&lt;br/&gt;species may be of great importance. The listing does not depend on the 
&lt;br/&gt;value of the genetic importance of the individuals. However, if, for 
&lt;br/&gt;example, the jaguar was known to suffer from genetic diseases, that 
&lt;br/&gt;could be considered as a factor to list the species.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 10: It would be a mistake to select boundaries of protected 
&lt;br/&gt;areas based on the conditions that existed 50-100 years ago. What is 
&lt;br/&gt;the basis for stating that clearing of habitat may affect the jaguar? 
&lt;br/&gt;The majority of records were from the turn of the century when there 
&lt;br/&gt;was very little of the current mesquite infestation. It is incumbent 
&lt;br/&gt;upon the Service to provide evidence that riparian areas are being 
&lt;br/&gt;destroyed anywhere in the Southwest. If jaguar habitat stretches from 
&lt;br/&gt;2,000 to 9,000 feet of elevation, a vast swath of both Arizona and New 
&lt;br/&gt;Mexico would be subject to review.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: Under this listing action, the Service is not 
&lt;br/&gt;setting any boundaries for protected areas. As a result of this action, 
&lt;br/&gt;the species will be protected under the Act throughout its entire 
&lt;br/&gt;range.
&lt;br/&gt;    Clearing of habitat could affect jaguars either directly or through 
&lt;br/&gt;effects on its prey. Although listing of the jaguar does not hinge on 
&lt;br/&gt;loss of riparian areas that may be used by jaguars, such loss has 
&lt;br/&gt;occurred and is continuing in the Southwest. As outlined in other 
&lt;br/&gt;sections of this rule, the available scientific literature indicates 
&lt;br/&gt;that jaguars do rely on riparian areas for habitat and movement 
&lt;br/&gt;corridors. However, very little is actually known about the habitat 
&lt;br/&gt;requirements and movement corridors for the jaguar in the United States 
&lt;br/&gt;at the northern periphery of its range. The Service agrees that large 
&lt;br/&gt;areas may have to be considered when evaluating effects of activities 
&lt;br/&gt;on the jaguar. However, very localized activities may actually be 
&lt;br/&gt;judged to have less of an effect on jaguars than if jaguars occupied 
&lt;br/&gt;very narrow habitat areas. As discussed in the Available Conservation 
&lt;br/&gt;Measures section, the Service anticipates few projects will be reviewed 
&lt;br/&gt;under section 7 of the Act because jaguars can be expected to occur in 
&lt;br/&gt;few areas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 11: In Texas, the jaguar is already protected by the State's 
&lt;br/&gt;endangered species law. The State can seek civil restitution for 
&lt;br/&gt;wildlife losses due to intentional harm or negligence, with the current 
&lt;br/&gt;replacement cost for a jaguar being over $7,000. It is highly suspect 
&lt;br/&gt;whether Federal protection would be additive, given the number of Texas 
&lt;br/&gt;game wardens (more than 450) and the handful of Federal agents. The 
&lt;br/&gt;Service refuses to recognize any State regulation as adequate, 
&lt;br/&gt;preferring to increase the burden of Federal regulations on all States 
&lt;br/&gt;involved. Protection of the species from the threat of shooting does 
&lt;br/&gt;not require Federal listing; it can be accomplished through hunting 
&lt;br/&gt;regulations and other means. New Service policies provide for increased 
&lt;br/&gt;emphasis on working with State agencies. Texas Wildlife and Parks 
&lt;br/&gt;Department (TWPD) will undertake to develop an interstate cooperative 
&lt;br/&gt;effort similar to the one for the swift fox. If the Service accepts 
&lt;br/&gt;this strategy, it will have the full support and cooperation of TWPD. 
&lt;br/&gt;Another commenter suggested that instead of listing, the Service should 
&lt;br/&gt;work with the States to get their laws strengthened.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: As discussed under Factor D, the penalties for 
&lt;br/&gt;violation of the Act are much stronger than any current State 
&lt;br/&gt;provisions. The Service believes that such protection provided by the 
&lt;br/&gt;Act is appropriate for the jaguar. The Service understands that despite 
&lt;br/&gt;an offered $4,000 reward, the Arizona Game and Fish Department 
&lt;br/&gt;encountered difficulties in obtaining information relevant to a 
&lt;br/&gt;suspected killing of a jaguar in Arizona. In addition to the take 
&lt;br/&gt;prohibition, listing the species under the Act will provide other 
&lt;br/&gt;protection as well (See Available Conservation Measures). In addition, 
&lt;br/&gt;listing provides an appropriate range-wide perspective when considering 
&lt;br/&gt;the species' recovery needs. In absence of other regulatory mechanisms 
&lt;br/&gt;that will adequately protect the jaguar, the Service believes that 
&lt;br/&gt;listing is warranted.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 12: The Service is precluded from including the jaguar in the 
&lt;br/&gt;list of United States endangered species because the proposal to list 
&lt;br/&gt;was not acted upon in a timely manner by the Service pursuant to the 
&lt;br/&gt;proposal to list in 1980 (45 FR 49844). The Service failed to complete 
&lt;br/&gt;the listing process in 1982, thereby requiring withdrawal of the 
&lt;br/&gt;proposal. The Service should be precluded from the current proposed 
&lt;br/&gt;action based on the Service's earlier oversight and omissions.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: As discussed under Previous Federal Actions, the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service did propose to list the jaguar in the United States in 1980. 
&lt;br/&gt;The proposal was withdrawn in 1982 in accordance with the regulations 
&lt;br/&gt;under the Act in place at that time. That proposal and
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39152]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;withdrawal are not related to the present proposal and do not preclude 
&lt;br/&gt;the Service from proposing or finalizing the current action.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 13: There is no benefit to the species from the proposed 
&lt;br/&gt;rule. It is apparent that the intent of the rule is to prohibit certain 
&lt;br/&gt;practices such as trapping and animal damage control within the States 
&lt;br/&gt;involved and to extend Federal control.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The fact that jaguars will be afforded the 
&lt;br/&gt;protections of the Act in the United States is clearly a benefit to the 
&lt;br/&gt;species. Prohibition of practices that affect the jaguar is not the 
&lt;br/&gt;intent of this listing. However, some activities could be affected by 
&lt;br/&gt;the listing, as discussed under Available Conservation Measures.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 14: Commenters suggested that livestock losses to jaguars 
&lt;br/&gt;will occur. Jaguars will jeopardize the recreational industry in the 
&lt;br/&gt;Gila Wilderness. Balance of wildlife and the human factor would be 
&lt;br/&gt;completely destroyed. Several commenters expressed uneasiness with the 
&lt;br/&gt;idea of facing or being stalked by a jaguar. Listing would pose a 
&lt;br/&gt;threat to the general public safety, which Arizona counties are charged 
&lt;br/&gt;to protect under Arizona Revised Statutes, Section 11-806(b).
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: While not considered as listing factors, the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service does not believe that listing the jaguar will result in losses 
&lt;br/&gt;to the livestock or recreational industries or pose a threat to general 
&lt;br/&gt;public safety.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 15: Designation of critical habitat is needed. Recommended 
&lt;br/&gt;areas include the Animas Range in the bootheel of New Mexico and the 
&lt;br/&gt;San Pedro River Valley, Huachuca Mountains, and Santa Cruz Basin in 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona. Loss of habitat is a primary threat; habitat loss will prevent 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar recovery and increase its vulnerability to poaching. Because 
&lt;br/&gt;there is no recovery plan, it is essential that critical habitat be 
&lt;br/&gt;designated at the time of listing. The jaguar requires whole landscapes 
&lt;br/&gt;for survival and recovery; additional knowledge about specific natural 
&lt;br/&gt;community preferences in the Southwest are not a prerequisite for 
&lt;br/&gt;determining critical habitat. Designation of large blocks of critical 
&lt;br/&gt;habitat would not aid poachers and should help alert law enforcement to 
&lt;br/&gt;the need for antipoaching surveillance. Why not designate all riparian 
&lt;br/&gt;ways in the Southwest as critical habitat? Critical habitat will help 
&lt;br/&gt;the Service in controlling activities of Animal Damage Control.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The July 13, 1994 (59 FR 35674), proposed rule 
&lt;br/&gt;did not include a proposal for designation of critical habitat because 
&lt;br/&gt;it was determined not to be prudent. The Service still believes this to 
&lt;br/&gt;be the case. The Service's reasons for a ``not prudent'' determination 
&lt;br/&gt;are discussed under the Critical Habitat section of this final rule.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 16: Federal listing would require a recovery plan and later 
&lt;br/&gt;designation of critical habitat. The Service has recognized that such a 
&lt;br/&gt;plan would require importing of jaguars into habitat that must be 
&lt;br/&gt;suitable for its foraging, which is not available in the border areas 
&lt;br/&gt;of the United States with Mexico. What guarantee is there that the 
&lt;br/&gt;Service will not designate critical habitat? What would preclude any 
&lt;br/&gt;organization from petitioning the Service to declare critical habitat 
&lt;br/&gt;for the jaguar?
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: The jaguar was briefly addressed in a recovery 
&lt;br/&gt;plan for the listed cats of Texas and Arizona (U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
&lt;br/&gt;Service, 1990). Upon listing, it would probably be appropriate to 
&lt;br/&gt;develop a more extensive recovery plan for the species. The existing 
&lt;br/&gt;recovery plan for the listed cats does not recommend importing jaguars.
&lt;br/&gt;    The July 13, 1994 (59 FR 35674) proposed rule did not include a 
&lt;br/&gt;proposal for designation of critical habitat because it was determined 
&lt;br/&gt;not to be prudent. The Service has no information that critical habitat 
&lt;br/&gt;is prudent. Critical habitat is defined in section 3(5)(A) of the Act 
&lt;br/&gt;as the geographical area on which are found those physical or 
&lt;br/&gt;biological features essential to the conservation of the species. Areas 
&lt;br/&gt;on the periphery of a species range or areas that are only infrequently 
&lt;br/&gt;used by a species often do not exhibit the qualities that would 
&lt;br/&gt;constitute a critical habitat designation. To the extent that 
&lt;br/&gt;identification of habitats that are essential for the recovery of the 
&lt;br/&gt;species rangewide is necessary, the Service would identify these areas 
&lt;br/&gt;as part of the recovery planning process.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 17: Listing of the jaguar could have significant impacts on 
&lt;br/&gt;the success of the Service in the lower Rio Grande Valley, and 
&lt;br/&gt;particularly in the Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge 
&lt;br/&gt;complex. Listing would frustrate rather than benefit efforts for 
&lt;br/&gt;species. While there may be merit in listing, the protection and 
&lt;br/&gt;restoration of habitat in south Texas may be thwarted. It is difficult 
&lt;br/&gt;to get funding to complete the Lower Rio Grande Valley Refuge. Although 
&lt;br/&gt;the species deserves every protection, listing at this time will be 
&lt;br/&gt;counter-productive. Another commenter stated the Act is a serious law 
&lt;br/&gt;intended for serious problems. The Act is not an animal rights act, and 
&lt;br/&gt;listing the jaguar would be an abuse of the Act.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: As stated previously, listing decisions are to be 
&lt;br/&gt;based on the best available scientific and commercial information and 
&lt;br/&gt;the five listing factors discussed in this rule (see Summary of Factors 
&lt;br/&gt;Affecting the Species section). The Service disagrees that listing 
&lt;br/&gt;would preclude management of the species in Texas, and agrees that the 
&lt;br/&gt;Act is a serious law and that its protections should be afforded to a 
&lt;br/&gt;species that has suffered extensive curtailment of its range and is 
&lt;br/&gt;still vulnerable to a variety of threats.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 18: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered 
&lt;br/&gt;Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) provides stiff penalties for 
&lt;br/&gt;illegal importation. This law should be effective against ``canned 
&lt;br/&gt;hunts.''
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: CITES is an international treaty that regulates 
&lt;br/&gt;trade (import/export) in wildlife between countries. CITES does not, 
&lt;br/&gt;however, address activities with wildlife that occur within the United 
&lt;br/&gt;States. So although CITES regulates international trade in jaguars, it 
&lt;br/&gt;offers no protection to the jaguar from ``canned'' or baited hunts. 
&lt;br/&gt;(See Factor D for further information on CITES.) Certain State 
&lt;br/&gt;penalties do apply to the jaguar that may be enforced by the Federal 
&lt;br/&gt;government under the Lacey Act. In the case of transportation across 
&lt;br/&gt;State lines of an illegally obtained jaguar, the Lacey Act would apply.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 19: The Service has not analyzed, under section 7 of the Act, 
&lt;br/&gt;impacts to the ocelot, jaguarundi, Attwater's prairie chicken, and 
&lt;br/&gt;whooping crane that could result from the introduction of exotic 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguars from Mexico. How would the jaguar not impact prey sources of 
&lt;br/&gt;both ocelot and jaguarundi? What would keep the jaguar from preying on 
&lt;br/&gt;the previously mentioned species? How will exotic jaguars not introduce 
&lt;br/&gt;disease?
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: Section 7 consultations are not conducted for 
&lt;br/&gt;rules proposing or listing species as threatened or endangered under 
&lt;br/&gt;the Act. Section 7 of the Act applies to those actions that may affect 
&lt;br/&gt;listed species. Listing a species would not be expected to have an 
&lt;br/&gt;adverse affect on any other listed species. If any future Federal 
&lt;br/&gt;actions associated with a listed species may affect another listed 
&lt;br/&gt;species, such as a recovery activity, then a section 7 consultation 
&lt;br/&gt;would be required for that action at the time it is proposed. (See 
&lt;br/&gt;Issue 5 for further information on reintroduction.)
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 20: A commenter requested that an environmental impact 
&lt;br/&gt;statement
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39153]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;(EIS) be done before publication of a final rule and that the EIS 
&lt;br/&gt;consider site-specific areas, not the region as a whole. Another 
&lt;br/&gt;commenter stated that the Service needs to study how the listing may 
&lt;br/&gt;affect the social, economic, and human environment. The public 
&lt;br/&gt;involvement process should be designed to address concerns, to answer 
&lt;br/&gt;questions, and to exchange information. Legal, custom, and cultural 
&lt;br/&gt;concerns can be addressed only with adequate notice and time to 
&lt;br/&gt;prepare. Another commenter stated that public notification was not 
&lt;br/&gt;sufficient for the public hearings. Commenters requested that more 
&lt;br/&gt;hearings be held, especially in rural counties. Another commenter 
&lt;br/&gt;suggested a hearing be held in Dallas/Fort Worth or Austin based on the 
&lt;br/&gt;assumption that the wildlife of the United States belongs to all 
&lt;br/&gt;people, not just to those in the areas that are involved.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: As the proposed and final rules state (see 
&lt;br/&gt;National Environmental Policy Act section), the Service has determined 
&lt;br/&gt;that an environmental assessment, as defined under the authority of the 
&lt;br/&gt;National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, need not be prepared in 
&lt;br/&gt;connection with regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a) of the 
&lt;br/&gt;Act. Additionally, the Act precludes addressing the social, economic, 
&lt;br/&gt;and human environment when deciding to list a species.
&lt;br/&gt;    The April 13, 1993 (58 FR 19216), notice announcing the 90-day 
&lt;br/&gt;finding on the petition to list the species requested public comments 
&lt;br/&gt;and biological data on the status of the jaguar from any and all 
&lt;br/&gt;interested or knowledgeable parties. On July 13, 1994, (59 FR 35674) 
&lt;br/&gt;the Service published a proposed rule to extend endangered status to 
&lt;br/&gt;the jaguar in the United States. Again, the Service sought biological 
&lt;br/&gt;data and comments from the public. In addition, as recounted in the 
&lt;br/&gt;Background section, three public hearings were conducted by the Service 
&lt;br/&gt;as another avenue to obtain relevant information. The Service believes 
&lt;br/&gt;that it has provided interested parties opportunity to present any 
&lt;br/&gt;relevant information.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 21: Listing of the jaguar is not necessary since the 
&lt;br/&gt;conservation intent of the Act has been addressed through the CA. The 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona Game and Fish Department and New Mexico Department of Game and 
&lt;br/&gt;Fish have coordinated the development of an interstate/
&lt;br/&gt;intergovernmental ``Conservation Assessment and Strategy for the Jaguar 
&lt;br/&gt;in Arizona and New Mexico'' and ``Memorandum of Agreement for the 
&lt;br/&gt;Conservation of the Arizona Jaguar.'' These documents, collectively 
&lt;br/&gt;referred to as the Conservation Agreement (CA), reflect the commitments 
&lt;br/&gt;of the agencies to expedite the development and implementation of 
&lt;br/&gt;conservation measures needed for the Arizona jaguar in the United 
&lt;br/&gt;States in order to meet the conservation intent of the Act and preclude 
&lt;br/&gt;the need for listing. The primary feature of the CA is the designation 
&lt;br/&gt;of the Jaguar Conservation Team and coordination and implementation of 
&lt;br/&gt;conservation measures through the cooperation of State, Federal, 
&lt;br/&gt;Tribal, and other governmental agencies, and partnerships with private 
&lt;br/&gt;landowners and organizations.
&lt;br/&gt;    The CA addresses the fact that the conservation of the jaguar and 
&lt;br/&gt;its habitat in Arizona and New Mexico is linked to key Federal and 
&lt;br/&gt;private land ownership patterns, identifies both short and long-term 
&lt;br/&gt;objectives, and sets various time frames to complete species and 
&lt;br/&gt;habitat activities. The State wildlife agencies will reallocate funds 
&lt;br/&gt;and personnel to implement this CA, or will aggressively seek new funds 
&lt;br/&gt;for implementation. The CA addresses risks to the survival and recovery 
&lt;br/&gt;of the Arizona jaguar in the United States through a combination of 
&lt;br/&gt;measures. These measures include: (a) Gathering and disseminating 
&lt;br/&gt;information on status, biology (including habitat use), and management 
&lt;br/&gt;needs; (b) identifying habitat suitable for population maintenance or 
&lt;br/&gt;expansion in Arizona and New Mexico; (c) allowing for management 
&lt;br/&gt;flexibility; (d) creating strong private-public partnerships; and (e) 
&lt;br/&gt;developing stronger legal disincentives for unlawful take. The State 
&lt;br/&gt;wildlife agencies have committed to implementation of the CA regardless 
&lt;br/&gt;of the listing status of the species.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service Response: The Service acknowledges the conservation 
&lt;br/&gt;benefits of the CA and the lead role of the State wildlife agencies in 
&lt;br/&gt;the conservation and recovery of wildlife species within their 
&lt;br/&gt;respective States. Through implementation of the CA there should be 
&lt;br/&gt;many positive benefits to jaguar conservation. However, the efforts 
&lt;br/&gt;under the CA are based on voluntary participation and it will take time 
&lt;br/&gt;to realize these benefits to the level in which the jaguar is no longer 
&lt;br/&gt;in danger of extinction through all or a portion of its range. As long 
&lt;br/&gt;as the species' status meets the regulatory definition of endangered, 
&lt;br/&gt;the Service has the statutory responsibility to list the species based 
&lt;br/&gt;on biological considerations and analysis of threats. The CA developed 
&lt;br/&gt;to this point in time will serve as the template for those protections 
&lt;br/&gt;that will be necessary for the conservation and recovery of the species 
&lt;br/&gt;subsequent to its listing.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 22: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department evaluated the status 
&lt;br/&gt;of the jaguar in that State and determined that, due to habitat 
&lt;br/&gt;fragmentation, there was no longer any potential for the jaguar to 
&lt;br/&gt;exist in Texas. Therefore, Texas Parks and Wildlife stated there was 
&lt;br/&gt;neither the need to federally list nor to develop a CA for the jaguar 
&lt;br/&gt;in Texas.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service Response: Extirpation of a species from an area lends 
&lt;br/&gt;evidence to a determination that a species' conservation status has 
&lt;br/&gt;declined range wide and that listing is appropriate.
&lt;br/&gt;    Issue 23: The Act has not been reauthorized, therefore, the Act is 
&lt;br/&gt;no longer extant. Also, we live in a democracy. Do the majority of the 
&lt;br/&gt;people want the jaguar listed? Another commenter stated that there is 
&lt;br/&gt;no need for endangered species listings. They are a waste of time and 
&lt;br/&gt;money and are based on pseudo-science.
&lt;br/&gt;    Service response: Although Congress has not reauthorized the Act, 
&lt;br/&gt;it continues to appropriate funds for its implementation. The Service, 
&lt;br/&gt;by authority of the Secretary of the Interior, is still responsible for 
&lt;br/&gt;implementing the Act. According to the Act, listing decisions are based 
&lt;br/&gt;on the best scientific and commercial information available.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Summary of the Opinions of Independent Peer Reviewers
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    Three independent reviewers were contacted by the Service during 
&lt;br/&gt;the comment period in order to obtain their comments, data, and 
&lt;br/&gt;opinions regarding the pertinent scientific or commercial data and 
&lt;br/&gt;assumptions relating to taxonomy, population status, and biological and 
&lt;br/&gt;ecological information on the jaguar. The reviewers were E. Lendell 
&lt;br/&gt;Cockrum (University of Arizona), David S. Maehr (Endangered Cats 
&lt;br/&gt;Recovery Team), and Michael E. Tewes (Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research 
&lt;br/&gt;Institute, Texas A&amp;amp;M University). Responses were received from two of 
&lt;br/&gt;the three reviewers.
&lt;br/&gt;    One reviewer stated that because they are secretive, the status of 
&lt;br/&gt;the jaguar in the United States is based largely on speculation. While 
&lt;br/&gt;some of this speculation suggests some low level of reproduction may 
&lt;br/&gt;have occurred in parts of the Southwest, it is more likely that most of 
&lt;br/&gt;these animals represented dispersers or only sporadic breeders. Such a 
&lt;br/&gt;pattern is to be expected at the fringe of a species' range where 
&lt;br/&gt;habitat conditions, by definition, are sub-optimal relative to the 
&lt;br/&gt;center of its range. That does not mean such
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39154]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;individuals are unimportant. They occupy habitat that serves as a 
&lt;br/&gt;buffer to zones of regular reproduction, and they are potential 
&lt;br/&gt;colonizers of vacant range. Such areas are important to maintaining 
&lt;br/&gt;normal demographics and allowing for the possibility of range expansion 
&lt;br/&gt;as environmental conditions improve.
&lt;br/&gt;    Because knowledge of jaguar distribution and ecology involves much 
&lt;br/&gt;speculation, there is no way to ascertain key elements of its habitat. 
&lt;br/&gt;However, every effort should be made to describe the ecology of jaguars 
&lt;br/&gt;in northern Mexico in order to understand where some of the records 
&lt;br/&gt;originated and how individuals are finding their way to and from the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States. Corridors and other patches of forest cover may indeed 
&lt;br/&gt;be critical to the jaguar's continuance and possible range expansion in 
&lt;br/&gt;the United States. Work must begin on describing jaguar habitat 
&lt;br/&gt;requirements and dispersal characteristics through sign surveys and, 
&lt;br/&gt;eventually, telemetry studies of the breeding population closest to the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States. Enlisting the owners of significant tracts of private 
&lt;br/&gt;land supporting endangered cats will be essential to jaguar 
&lt;br/&gt;conservation if not all potential jaguar habitat is already on public 
&lt;br/&gt;land that can be managed for them. Involving property owners very early 
&lt;br/&gt;in the process will pay tremendous dividends down the road. Jaguar 
&lt;br/&gt;recovery has much to gain from ranch owners in the southwest.
&lt;br/&gt;    Another reviewer commented that wide-ranging, large carnivores such 
&lt;br/&gt;as the jaguar travel long distances within their home range and often 
&lt;br/&gt;use a wide variety of habitats. Simple occurrence of a jaguar in a 
&lt;br/&gt;particular habitat does not necessarily convey information about the 
&lt;br/&gt;quality of that particular habitat type. Because there are no 
&lt;br/&gt;ecological studies indicating habitat preferences of jaguars within the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States, an accurate description of important habitats would be 
&lt;br/&gt;almost impossible.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Summary of Factors Affecting the Species
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    After a thorough review and consideration of all information 
&lt;br/&gt;available, the Service has determined that the jaguar should be 
&lt;br/&gt;classified as an endangered species in the United States. Procedures 
&lt;br/&gt;found at section 4(a)(1) of the Act and regulations implementing the 
&lt;br/&gt;listing provisions of the Act (50 CFR part 424) were followed. A 
&lt;br/&gt;species may be determined to be endangered or threatened due to one or 
&lt;br/&gt;more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). These factors 
&lt;br/&gt;and their application to the jaguar (Panthera onca) are as follows:
&lt;br/&gt;    A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or 
&lt;br/&gt;curtailment of its habitat or range. Clearing of habitat, destruction 
&lt;br/&gt;of riparian areas, and fragmentation or blocking of corridors may 
&lt;br/&gt;prevent jaguars from recolonizing previously inhabited areas. Although 
&lt;br/&gt;there is currently no known resident population of jaguars in the 
&lt;br/&gt;United States, wanderers from Mexico may cross the border and take up 
&lt;br/&gt;residency in available habitat. (See Issue 10 for further information.)
&lt;br/&gt;    B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or 
&lt;br/&gt;educational purposes. In Arizona, the jaguar's gradual decline was 
&lt;br/&gt;concurrent with predator control associated with the settlement of land 
&lt;br/&gt;and the development of the cattle industry (Brown 1983, U.S. Fish and 
&lt;br/&gt;Wildlife Service 1990). Lange (1960) summarized the jaguar records from 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona known up to that time. Between 1885 and 1959, the reports 
&lt;br/&gt;consisted of 45 jaguars killed, 6 sighted, and 2 recorded by evidence 
&lt;br/&gt;such as tracks and/or droppings.
&lt;br/&gt;    Brown (1991) related that the accumulation of all known records 
&lt;br/&gt;indicated a minimum of 64 jaguars were killed in Arizona after 1900. 
&lt;br/&gt;When plotted at 10-year intervals, records of jaguars reported killed 
&lt;br/&gt;in Arizona and New Mexico between 1900 and 1980 demonstrated a 
&lt;br/&gt;``decline characteristic of an over-exploited resident population'' 
&lt;br/&gt;(Brown 1983). Brown (1983) argued that if the jaguars killed during 
&lt;br/&gt;this period originated in Mexico, the numbers of killings should not 
&lt;br/&gt;suggest a pattern but should rather be irregular and erratic.
&lt;br/&gt;    Bailey (1905) listed seven reports of jaguars killed in Texas 
&lt;br/&gt;between 1853 and 1903. Schmidly (1983) reported another jaguar shot in 
&lt;br/&gt;Mills County in 1904. Taylor (1947) mentioned a jaguar killed near 
&lt;br/&gt;Lyford, Willacy County, in 1912. Brown (1991) indicated jaguars were 
&lt;br/&gt;common in Texas until 1870. The last reports from Texas were of 
&lt;br/&gt;individuals killed in 1946 (San Benito, Cameron County) and 1948 
&lt;br/&gt;(Kleburg County). Nowak (1975) identified killing of jaguars for 
&lt;br/&gt;commercial sale of their furs as a factor in the extermination of a 
&lt;br/&gt;substantial resident population in central Texas during the late 19th 
&lt;br/&gt;century.
&lt;br/&gt;    Although the demand for jaguar pelts has diminished, it still 
&lt;br/&gt;exists along with the business of illegal hunting of jaguars. In 1992, 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona Game and Fish Department personnel infiltrated a ring of 
&lt;br/&gt;wildlife profiteers. That operation resulted in the March 1993, seizure 
&lt;br/&gt;of three jaguar specimens, of which one was allegedly taken from the 
&lt;br/&gt;Dos Cabezas Mountains in Arizona in 1986. Two of the specimens had been 
&lt;br/&gt;covertly purchased from the suspects. During the investigation, several 
&lt;br/&gt;ties to Mexico jaguar hunting were discovered. Hounds bred and trained 
&lt;br/&gt;in the United States were sold to Mexican nationals for the purpose of 
&lt;br/&gt;hunting jaguars. Also, Mexican nationals prosecuted by the Service in 
&lt;br/&gt;1989 for illegally importing jaguar pelts into the United States were 
&lt;br/&gt;continuing the practice of providing jaguar hunts in Mexico (Terry B. 
&lt;br/&gt;Johnson, Arizona Game and Fish Department, in litt., 1993).
&lt;br/&gt;    C. Disease or predation. The Service is unaware of any known 
&lt;br/&gt;diseases or predators that threaten the jaguar at this time.
&lt;br/&gt;    D. The inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;State Regulations
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    Jaguars are being considered for inclusion on the Arizona Game and 
&lt;br/&gt;Fish Department's list of ``Wildlife of Special Concern,'' and were 
&lt;br/&gt;included on its previous list of ``Threatened National Wildlife of 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona.'' In general, violations of Arizona Game and Fish Laws 
&lt;br/&gt;(Arizona Game and Fish Department 1991) are class 2 misdemeanors. The 
&lt;br/&gt;Arizona Game and Fish Commission may, through criminal prosecution, 
&lt;br/&gt;seek to recover a maximum of $750 for each endangered species 
&lt;br/&gt;unlawfully taken, wounded, or killed. Special depredation permits may 
&lt;br/&gt;be issued for jaguars.
&lt;br/&gt;    Under the California Code of Regulations, it is prohibited to 
&lt;br/&gt;import, transport, or possess jaguars. According to California Fish and 
&lt;br/&gt;Game Code, Section 12011, such acts carry a maximum penalty of a 
&lt;br/&gt;$30,000 fine, 1 year in jail, or both.
&lt;br/&gt;    In Louisiana the jaguar receives no official protection from the 
&lt;br/&gt;State (Fred Kimmel, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 
&lt;br/&gt;pers. comm., 1993).
&lt;br/&gt;    In New Mexico, the jaguar is considered a ``restricted species'' on 
&lt;br/&gt;the State's list of endangered species and subspecies. It is unlawful 
&lt;br/&gt;to take, possess, transport, export, process, sell, or offer for sale a 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar in New Mexico. Violations are a misdemeanor and, upon 
&lt;br/&gt;conviction, a person shall be fined $1,000 and imprisoned from 30 days 
&lt;br/&gt;to 1 year.
&lt;br/&gt;    The jaguar is listed as threatened by the State of Texas. It is 
&lt;br/&gt;unlawful to take, possess, transport, export, process, sell or offer 
&lt;br/&gt;for sale, or ship jaguars in Texas. However, some of the above actions 
&lt;br/&gt;may be allowed for zoological gardens, and scientific, commercial, and 
&lt;br/&gt;propagation
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;[[Page 39155]]
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;purposes with the proper permits. A first violation of the regulations 
&lt;br/&gt;or a permit is a Texas Parks and Wildlife Code C misdemeanor which 
&lt;br/&gt;carries a fine of $25 to $500 (Capt. Harold Oates, Texas Parks and 
&lt;br/&gt;Wildlife, pers. comm., 1994).
&lt;br/&gt;    In summary, although some States provide limited protection to the 
&lt;br/&gt;jaguar, illegal taking continues to occur. None of the State penalties 
&lt;br/&gt;for illegal taking are as stringent as the $50,000 fine and/or 1 year 
&lt;br/&gt;in jail provided for endangered species under the Act. Thus, listing 
&lt;br/&gt;the species under the Act results in protective measures beyond those 
&lt;br/&gt;provided by the States.
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;Federal Protection
&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;br/&gt;    Prior to this final rule, the jaguar was listed under the Act as an 
&lt;br/&gt;endangered species only from Mexico southward to include Central and 
&lt;br/&gt;South America. It was not listed in the United States. Jaguars which 
&lt;br/&gt;may have occurred in, or immigrated into, the United States were not 
&lt;br/&gt;protected by the Act.
&lt;br/&gt;    On July 1, 1975, the jaguar was included in Appendix I of CITES. 
&lt;br/&gt;CITES is a treaty established to prevent international trade that may 
&lt;br/&gt;be detrimental to the survival of plants and animals. Generally, both 
&lt;br/&gt;import and export permits are required from the importing and exporting 
&lt;br/&gt;countries before an Appendix I species may be shipped, and Appendix I 
&lt;br/&gt;species may not be exported for primarily commercial purposes. CITES 
&lt;br/&gt;permits may not be issued if the export will be detrimental to the 
&lt;br/&gt;survival of the species or if the specimens were not legally acquired. 
&lt;br/&gt;However, CITES does not prohibit the act of taking, possessing, or 
&lt;br/&gt;transporting a jaguar within the United States and its territories.
&lt;br/&gt;    The subspecies Panthera onca veraecrucis, with historical range in 
&lt;br/&gt;Texas and eastern Mexico, is designated by the United States government 
&lt;br/&gt;as a peripheral animal of concern in a provisional list for the Annex 
&lt;br/&gt;of the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the 
&lt;br/&gt;Western Hemisphere (Nowak, pers. comm., 1992). Panthera onca 
&lt;br/&gt;arizonensis is not so designated. This Convention, as implemented by 
&lt;br/&gt;Sections 2 and 8(A) of the Act, does not require the protection of 
&lt;br/&gt;species listed. Therefore, neither P. o. veraecrucis nor P. o. 
&lt;br/&gt;arizonensis are currently protected.
&lt;br/&gt;    E. Other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued 
&lt;br/&gt;existence. M-44 ejector devices with cyanide capsules are used by the 
&lt;br/&gt;Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service, Animal Damage Control and 
&lt;br/&gt;may be of threat to the jaguar (Terry B. Johnson, Arizona Game and Fish 
&lt;br/&gt;Department, in litt., 1993). Jaguars may also be victims of traps 
&lt;br/&gt;targeting other predators such as bears and cougars.
&lt;br/&gt;    The Service has carefully assesse